["International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, EarlyView. ", "\nABSTRACT\nThis study presents a reproducible framework for identifying the anatomical position of cattle phalanges, integrating both morphological and osteometric approaches for application to modern and zooarchaeological assemblages. The dataset comprises 1853 phalanges from 106 individuals with known and unknown phalangeal position representing multiple breeds, ages, sexes, and functions from four modern reference collections. Morphological criteria of first, second, and third phalanges from previous studies were systematically tested for accuracy, whereas osteometric data were analyzed using multivariate models, including LASSO‐regularized logistic regression. The models were trained and validated through repeated fivefold cross‐validation and tested on independent datasets of phalanges with unknown position. In parallel, pathologies were assessed and quantified using the Pathological Index (PI) and Refined Pathological Index (PIr) to evaluate their impact on position determination. Results indicate that nonmetric morphology provides the most reliable method for determining phalangeal position, with osteometric data offering supporting evidence, especially for anterior–posterior position determination. Pathologies generally have no to little influence on diagnostic traits, although severe lesions, especially for the first phalanges, can compromise the accuracy of the identification. This study allows for an accurate determination of phalangeal position in both modern reference collections and zooarchaeological datasets where mixed deposits obscure the original anatomical position. In zooarchaeology, the accurate determination of phalangeal position contributes to more reliable differentiation of bovid species, improved MNI estimations, and the assessment of sexual dimorphism, thereby aiding reconstructions of herd composition and cattle exploitation strategies, which shed much light on significant processes such as domestication and economic intensification. Furthermore, this paper also provides an accessible manual with flowcharts of diagnostic morphological characteristics, digital drawings, and analytical tools to facilitate the standardized and user‐friendly application across collections.\n"]