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Validation Study of the Turkish Version of the Post‐Traumatic‐Embitterment‐Disorder 21‐Item Scale

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Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy

Published online on

Abstract

["Clinical Psychology &Psychotherapy, Volume 33, Issue 4, July/August 2026. ", "\nABSTRACT\nThe objective of this manuscript was to adapt the PTED‐21 Scale into Turkish and to evaluate its psychometric properties, including validity and reliability. Additionally, the prevalence and levels of embitterment among the participants were assessed. This cross‐sectional methodological study included 575 participants. Following a rigorous forward‐backward translation process, the PTED‐21 was adapted into Turkish. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and split‐half reliability coefficients. To evaluate construct validity and identify the factor structure, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed using principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Reliability analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha of 0.960 and a Spearman–Brown coefficient of 0.961. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin value was 0.958, and Bartlett's test of sphericity was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Factor analysis revealed that the Turkish PTED‐21 consists of a three‐factor structure, explaining 67.49% of the total variance. The Turkish version of the PTED‐21 is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing embitterment. Its clinical application may significantly enhance the diagnostic assessment of embitterment in Turkish‐speaking populations.\n"]