Hydroxychloroquine-induced retinopathy in Puerto Ricans with systemic lupus erythematosus: Associated factors and early-onset risk

Valeria Valentín-Rosa, Kamille Ruiz, Grecia Torres-Borges, Luis M. Vilá, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico

Lupus: An International Journal

Published online on July 09, 2026

Abstract

Lupus, Ahead of Print.
ObjectiveTo determine factors associated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-induced retinopathy in Puerto Ricans with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to evaluate determinants of early HCQ-induced retinopathy.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of ...