Complete Freund’s adjuvant in laboratory animals: Reported welfare-relevant outcomes and alternatives—a scoping review
Laboratory Animals: The international journal of laboratory animal science and welfare
Published online on July 11, 2026
Abstract
Laboratory Animals, Ahead of Print.
Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) is used in laboratory animals to stimulate strong immune responses. However, it can cause persistent local inflammation and tissue damage, raising welfare concerns. This scoping review aimed to (i) assess how frequently ...
Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) is used in laboratory animals to stimulate strong immune responses. However, it can cause persistent local inflammation and tissue damage, raising welfare concerns. This scoping review aimed to (i) assess how frequently ...