Trauma Profiles and Cocaine Use Among Formerly Incarcerated Black Men Who Co-Use Opioids and Stimulants

Adrienne B. Smith, Valerie P. A, Brittany Miller-Roenigk, Paris B. Wheeler, Danelle Stevens-Watkins, Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Department of Counseling Psychology, College of Education, University of Kentucky, Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Cincinnati

Journal of Black Psychology

Published online on July 03, 2026

Abstract

Journal of Black Psychology, Ahead of Print.
Trauma exposure and structural inequities contribute to mental health disparities among Black men and create barriers to care. Black men face elevated risk from opioid and stimulant co-use, including overdose from unintentional opioid exposure, yet ...