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Geographies of Unreliable Power: Energy Insecurity and Everyday Life in a South African Informal Settlement

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Geographical Journal

Published online on

Abstract

["The Geographical Journal, Volume 192, Issue 2, June 2026. ", "\nShort Abstract\nThis article examines how unreliable energy infrastructure shapes everyday experiences of precarity in Qandu Qandu, a largely off‐grid informal settlement in Cape Town, South Africa. The image of high‐voltage power lines and formal grid infrastructure suspended above shacks reliant on illegal connections captures the uneven geographies of energy access, where residents navigate unsafe, unaffordable and unstable hybrid systems. It foregrounds how energy insecurity is not only a matter of access but also of reliability, safety, affordability and the emotional burdens of living with uncertain infrastructure.\n\nABSTRACT\nUnreliable energy infrastructure is a defining yet understudied dimension of everyday precarity in informal settlements. This paper examines how infrastructural unreliability shapes lived experiences of energy insecurity in Qandu Qandu, a largely off‐grid informal settlement in Cape Town, South Africa. Drawing on in‐depth qualitative research, we analyse how residents navigate hybrid energy configurations comprising illegal grid connections, solar mini‐grids and combustible fuels. We extend recent work on off‐gridding by demonstrating that energy insecurity in informal urban contexts is structured not only by access, but by the intersecting qualities of reliability, affordability, safety and the emotional burdens produced by unstable infrastructures. Findings show that unreliability is pervasive, with weather‐related disruptions, equipment failures and unpredictable informal markets generating layered insecurities that shape daily routines and heighten vulnerability. Residents respond through energy stacking, informal repair networks and mutual aid, exhibiting infrastructural agency while facing significant limits to adaptation. Unreliable energy services also produce acute mental and emotional strain, including anxiety, stress and health risks related to chronic illness management. We argue that these lived experiences reveal how off‐gridding processes are embedded in structural inequalities and express forms of infrastructural citizenship. Addressing energy insecurity therefore requires community‐centred, reliability‐focused approaches to urban energy planning and governance.\n"]