The Comparative Sensitivity to Ketamine-Induced Neuronal Death in Juvenile and Adult Rats

Sumit Sarkar, Gonçalo Gamboa da Costa, Kellie Woodling, Shiny Mathew, Ikram Elayan, John Talpos, Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring

International Journal of Toxicology

Published online on June 04, 2026

Abstract

International Journal of Toxicology, Ahead of Print.
Ketamine, anN-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, was first approved by the US FDA as KETALAR® for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. Ketamine has been used off-label for depression treatment, while its S-enantiomer, esketamine (...