A multifactorial model for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk in smokers with positive bronchodilation: a retrospective cohort study
Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease
Published online on May 19, 2026
Abstract
Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease, Volume 20, January-December 2026.
Background:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains underdiagnosed in smoking populations, as conventional risk stratification relies heavily on spirometry and fails to integrate dynamic imaging markers and type 2 inflammation biomarkers....
Background:Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains underdiagnosed in smoking populations, as conventional risk stratification relies heavily on spirometry and fails to integrate dynamic imaging markers and type 2 inflammation biomarkers....