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When Demographics Matter: How Parental Attributes Shape Responses to Zero-Tolerance Discipline in Urban Informal Schools in Nairobi, Kenya

Education and Urban Society

Published online on

Abstract

Education and Urban Society, Volume 58, Issue 7, Page 817-834, September 2026.
Zero-tolerance policies in school discipline have been widely criticized for their disproportionate effects on marginalized students, yet little attention has been paid to how such policies shape the lives of parents. This article draws on a ...