Risk Factors for Conversion in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy and Development of a Predictive Nomogram

Mehmet Berksun Tutan, Ramazan Topcu, Veysel Barış Turhan, İbrahim Tayfun Şahiner, Department of General Surgery, Alaca State Hospital, Department of General Surgery, Hitit University Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Medical Point Hospital

Surgical Innovation

Published online on December 24, 2025

Abstract

Surgical Innovation, Ahead of Print.
BackgroundLaparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard for gallbladder disease, yet conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC) remains necessary in 2-15% of cases. Although often life-saving, conversion increases operative time, morbidity, and ...