Linguistic distance effects on country TOEFL scores between 2005 and 2020 and the effect of morphological distance in particular
Published online on December 01, 2025
Abstract
Second Language Research, Volume 42, Issue 2, Page 197-220, April 2026.
We analysed aggregated TOEFL scores from over 15 million non-immersion learners across 127 countries and 65 first languages (L1s), spanning a 16-year period (2005–20). This extensive dataset enabled us to investigate not only the effects of various ...
We analysed aggregated TOEFL scores from over 15 million non-immersion learners across 127 countries and 65 first languages (L1s), spanning a 16-year period (2005–20). This extensive dataset enabled us to investigate not only the effects of various ...