Numerical investigation on the effects of spark timing and low intake temperature on thermal efficiency and combustion characteristics from an OFC GDI engine fuelled with E40 and E85

Md Imran Khan, Tianya Zhang, Hanchi Liu, Yan Lu, Zhimin Xu, Yang Bai, Hao Chen, Tongjin Wang, Jikai Guo, Xuewen Zhang, Peiyong Ni, Zhijun Peng, Xiang Li

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering

Published online on February 07, 2026

Abstract

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, Ahead of Print.
Oxy-fuel Combustion (OFC) technology implemented in Spark-Ignition (SI) engines has been a promising solution to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and achieve carbon neutrality. In this research, a comprehensive numerical investigation has been ...