The Superficial Medial Collateral Ligament Is the Primary Restraint to External Tibial Rotation Among Medial Knee Structures: A Robotic Biomechanical Study

Rikiya Itagaki, Kousuke Shiwaku, Hidenori Otsubo, Tomoaki Kamiya, Daisuke Suzuki, Satoshi Yamakawa, Shogo Nabeki, Katsunori Takahashi, Yohei Okada, Tomoyuki Suzuki, Hiromichi Fujie, Makoto Emori, Atsushi Teramoto

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

Published online on April 01, 2026

Abstract

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, Volume 14, Issue 4, April 2026.
Background:External rotational stress of the knee leads to several knee problems and persistent pain. Clarifying the role of knee structures in external rotational stability aids in optimizing nonoperative treatment and guiding surgical indications. No ...