How test-taker level of schooling interacts with pass probability on high-stakes tests for citizenship
Published online on March 27, 2026
Abstract
Language Testing, Ahead of Print.
In most Western European countries, aspiring citizens must pass both a second language (L2) test and a knowledge of society (KoS) test, often administered in the L2. While several studies highlighted the social inequalities such tests may create, few have ...
In most Western European countries, aspiring citizens must pass both a second language (L2) test and a knowledge of society (KoS) test, often administered in the L2. While several studies highlighted the social inequalities such tests may create, few have ...