Multi-objective optimization of a steering mechanism for a virtual rail train based on spatial kinematics and particle swarm optimization

Xiaoguang Ma, Wei Huang, Yuanjin Ji, Lihui Ren, Mingjin Cheng, Chen Yang, College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, s Republic of China, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rail Infrastructure Durability and System Safety, Tongji University, Bogie Research and Development Department, CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co

Journal of Vibration and Control

Published online on February 18, 2026

Abstract

Journal of Vibration and Control, Ahead of Print.
Virtual rail trains (VRTs) are multi-module, multi-axle, all-wheel-steering vehicles. During turning maneuvers, the ideal steering angle relationships are highly dependent on steering control strategies and the selection of trajectory reference points. ...