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The “Spirit of Revolt”: A Reappraisal of Black Veterans in Chicago’s Red Summer

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Journal of Urban History

Published online on

Abstract

Journal of Urban History, Volume 52, Issue 3, Page 545-573, May 2026.
For over a half-century, historians have maintained a consensus that Black World War I veterans played central, even leading, roles in armed self-defense during the Chicago Race Riot of 1919. Evidence adduced in support of this claim has, however, been ...