Isolated Resilience: Urban Situation in Baghdad under International Sanctions (1990-2003)
Published online on September 29, 2025
Abstract
Journal of Urban History, Ahead of Print.
The prolonged crisis caused by international sanctions (1990-2003) forced urban actors in Baghdad to develop strategies to adapt, recover, and restore the city’s functions in the face of internal and external uncertainties. While existing literature on ...
The prolonged crisis caused by international sanctions (1990-2003) forced urban actors in Baghdad to develop strategies to adapt, recover, and restore the city’s functions in the face of internal and external uncertainties. While existing literature on ...