Upper Limb Exercises Reduce Non-motor Symptoms and Increase Cognitive Function in Parkinson’s Disease: Randomized Controlled Trial

Valton Costa, Maryela Menacho, Thalita Frigo da Rocha, Felipe Fregni, Larissa Pires de Andrade, Anna Carolyna Gianlorenço, Physical Therapy Department, Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation Laboratory, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Physical Therapy Department, Laboratory of Elderly Health Research, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, Neuromodulation Center and Center for Clinical Research Learning, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology

Published online on December 26, 2025

Abstract

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, Ahead of Print.
BackgroundPhysical exercise is a promising approach to address non-motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD), although the most effective modalities remain under investigation.ObjectiveTo compare the effects of three upper limb (UL) exercise ...