An International Survey of Image and Performance Enhancing Drug Coaches’ Practices and Services

Ellie Willmott, Luke Cox, Kim AKrigg, Vigorous Steve, Tim Piatkowski, Department of Social Sciences and Nursing, Southampton Solent University, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, School of Sport and Exercise Science, Swansea University, School of Applied Psychology and Griffith Centre for Mental Health, Griffith University, Centre for Health Services Research, University of Queensland, Independent Researcher

Journal of Drug Issues

Published online on January 22, 2026

Abstract

Journal of Drug Issues, Ahead of Print.
Background:In the absence of governmental harm reduction support, the image and performance enhancing drug (IPED) community has developed its own strategies to mitigate drug-related risks, including the emergence of IPED coaches who provide guidance on ...