Should we Make AI More Tool-like or Teammate-Like?

Neelam Naikar, Robert Hoffman, Emilie M. Roth, Gary Klein, Laura G. Militello, Cindy Dominguez, Defence Science and Technology Group, Institute for Human , Machine Cognition, Roth Cognitive Engineering, MacroCognition LLC, Applied Decision Science LLC, The MITRE Corporation

Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making

Published online on June 25, 2025

Abstract

Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, Volume 20, Issue 2, Page 137-157, June 2026.
Recent successes in artificial intelligence (AI) have ignited debate over its role in human-machine systems—specifically, whether an AI system should be viewed as a tool or a teammate. This article consists of a set of essays that explore this question ...