Neuromuscular learning and control of auricular muscles for human–machine interfaces

Daniel Leal Pinheiro, Jean Faber, Silvestro Micera, Solaiman Shokur, Institute of BioRobotics Interdisciplinary Health Center, and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant, Translational Neural Engineering Lab, Institute Neuro X, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuroengineering and Neurocognition Laboratory, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Division of Neuroscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Neuroengineering Laboratory, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Modular Implantable Neurotechnologies Lab, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois

The International Journal of Robotics Research

Published online on November 13, 2025

Abstract

The International Journal of Robotics Research, Ahead of Print.
The auricular muscle (AM) is a promising yet understudied candidate for human–machine interfaces (HMIs) with the potential to improve motor functions and expand user capabilities. This study investigates the potential of AM-based control for motor ...