ESG and Firm Performance: Non-linear Dynamics and Bidirectional Causality in Pharmaceutical Industry
Published online on January 30, 2026
Abstract
Global Business Review, Ahead of Print.
This study examines the bidirectional relationship between environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance and firm performance in the global pharmaceutical sector, employing a cross-lagged panel model for 255 firms from 2016 to 2022. Using ...
This study examines the bidirectional relationship between environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance and firm performance in the global pharmaceutical sector, employing a cross-lagged panel model for 255 firms from 2016 to 2022. Using ...