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Why are employees most susceptible to automation least likely to retrain? Automation risks and inequalities in learning intention, perceived opportunities, and learning participation among employee groups

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Economic and Industrial Democracy: An International Journal

Published online on

Abstract

Economic and Industrial Democracy, Volume 47, Issue 2, Page 382-403, May 2026.
The rise of intelligent technologies is believed to change job requirements, urging individuals to engage in work-related learning to stay employable. Studies on workers’ learning participation found that employees who are most at risk of automation are ...