Design and sizing practices of ground source heat pump systems in Finnish multi-apartment building retrofits

Kari Kallioharju, Juho Ylipaino, Aki Kortetmäki, Antti Virta, Pertti Järventausta, Piia Sormunen, Faculty of Built Environment and Bioeconomy, Tampere University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Information Technology and Communication Sciences, Tampere University, Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere University

Building Services Engineering Research and Technology: An International Journal

Published online on February 14, 2026

Abstract

Building Services Engineering Research & Technology, Volume 47, Issue 4, Page 447-468, July 2026.
Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) are increasingly used in cold-climate retrofits of multi-apartment buildings (MABs), yet empirical knowledge of their design and sizing remains limited. This study presents an exploratory analysis of a national survey of ...