Middleware and the Illusory Promise of End-User Control
The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
Published online on December 15, 2025
Abstract
The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 715, Issue 1, Page 80-98, September 2024.
Concerned about the power that social media now wield, a chorus of tech-minded reformers have called for a return to the internet’s foundational design principles of interoperability and end-user control. This group argues for “middleware”—online tools ...
Concerned about the power that social media now wield, a chorus of tech-minded reformers have called for a return to the internet’s foundational design principles of interoperability and end-user control. This group argues for “middleware”—online tools ...