Unmasking Masculinity: Biological, Behavioral, and Social Determinants of Testosterone Deficiency in U.S. Men, 2011–2023
American Journal of Men's Health
Published online on April 17, 2026
Abstract
American Journal of Men's Health, Volume 20, Issue 2, March-April 2026.
Testosterone deficiency in men is often attributed to aging or biology, yet hormone levels also reflect social determinants of health (SoDH) and masculinity-related stressors. This study applied the Healthy People 2030 SoDH framework to examine biological,...
Testosterone deficiency in men is often attributed to aging or biology, yet hormone levels also reflect social determinants of health (SoDH) and masculinity-related stressors. This study applied the Healthy People 2030 SoDH framework to examine biological,...