A Review of American Counterterrorism Policies in Afghanistan and Iraq (2001–2021): Success or Failure?

Seleman Yusuph Kitenge, Directorate of Agriculture, Food Security and Environmental Sustainability, African Union Development Agency-NEPAD, South Africa, Department of History, Politics and International Studies, Neapolis University Pafos

Alternatives: Global, Local, Political

Published online on September 24, 2025

Abstract

Alternatives, Ahead of Print.
The aftermath of 9/11 terrorist attacks on United States (U.S.) soil led to the U.S. invasion of both Afghanistan and Iraq as part of its counterterrorism policies. This article explores if these policies succeeded or failed. It further reviews the ...