Inconsistent Responding on a Mixed-Worded Scale in the PISA 2022 Questionnaire: Prevalence and Predictors Across Seven Countries

Michalis P. Michaelides, Evi Konstantinidou, Militsa Ivanova, Isa Steinmann, Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Department of Education, University of Nicosia, Department of Primary and Secondary Teacher Education, Oslo Metropolitan University

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment

Published online on April 02, 2026

Abstract

Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, Ahead of Print.
Mixed-worded questionnaire scales, containing both positively and negatively phrased items, are intended to encourage thoughtful responses, but may result in inconsistent responses and wording effects and can reduce reliability and validity. This study ...