Exploring False Warnings and Modalities for Emergency Vehicle Alerts and Their Impact on Driver Behavior

Kajsa Weibull, Marius Brudvik Norell, Birgitta Thorslund, Björn Lidestam, Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute, Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

Published online on March 21, 2026

Abstract

Human Factors, Ahead of Print.
ObjectiveThis study explores the order effects in false alarms and the effect of warning modality when drivers receive an Emergency Vehicle Approaching (EVA) alert.BackgroundEVA alerts have the potential to decrease delays for emergency vehicles. However, ...