Efficiency Pitfalls of Explainable AI in Clinical Diagnostic and Treatment Human-AI Workflows

Tim Hunsicker, André Schulz, Robert Andreas Leist, Stephan Kiefer, Karl T. Boden, Kai Rothaus, Cornelius J. König, Markus Langer, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Department of Ophthalmology, Rostock University Medical Center, Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Interactive Machine Learning, German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence , Biomedical Data, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Ophthalmology, Franziskus Hospital, Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

Published online on April 21, 2026

Abstract

Human Factors, Ahead of Print.
ObjectiveTo investigate how AI-provided explanations impact efficiency, diagnostic accuracy, user perceptions, and workflow integration in ophthalmologists’ clinical diagnostic and treatment workflows, this study explores the challenges in human-AI ...