Killing in Combat as a Potentially Morally Injurious Event: The Diverging Psychological Impact of Killing on Peacekeepers and Combat-Oriented Troops

Andreas Espetvedt Nordstrand, Laura K. Noll, Ann Hergatt Huffman, Christer Lunde Gjerstad, Tore Tveitstul, Jon Gerhard Reichelt, Lars-Petter Bakker, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Ronny Helmersen Kristoffersen, Hans Jakob Bøe, Robert E. Wickham

Armed Forces & Society

Published online on March 13, 2025

Abstract

Armed Forces & Society, Volume 52, Issue 3, Page 904-934, July 2026.
The impact of killing in combat (KIC) on veterans’ long-term psychological health is multifaceted and influenced by deployment contexts. This study compared two samples of Norwegian veterans from combat-oriented (Afghanistan 2001–2011,N= 4,053) and ...