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How does hate hurt more? National evidence for the varying emotional impacts of hate crime

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European Journal of Criminology

Published online on

Abstract

European Journal of Criminology, Volume 23, Issue 3, Page 371-394, May 2026.
The last 20 years have witnessed a growth in the recognition of the profound negative impacts of hate crime. As a result, many criminal justice systems have adopted sentencing approaches that hold the perpetrator accountable for the additional harm these ...