From Enthusiasm to Polarisation: A Generational Perspective on Attitudes Toward Ukrainian Refugees in Poland
Published online on April 24, 2026
Abstract
["Population, Space and Place, Volume 32, Issue 3, April 2026. ", "\nABSTRACT\nThis study explores generational differences in Polish public attitudes towards Ukrainian refugees, focusing on how these attitudes evolved between 2022 and 2025. It examines the role of age in shaping acceptance of refugees, perceptions of Poland's preparedness, evaluations of assistance, and views on the possibility of refugees settling permanently after the war. The analysis is based on four waves of nationally distributed online surveys (total N = 6293) conducted annually between 2022 and 2025. Respondents were recruited from a professional research panel. Attitudes were measured using Likert‐type scales and comparative evaluations, and results were analysed to capture both temporal changes and age‐related differences across cohorts. The results indicate that age strongly differentiates both the level and trajectory of acceptance. Younger respondents (under 30 and 31–40) were initially the most supportive, but over time recorded the sharpest declines in acceptance, coupled with rising polarisation and growth in strong opposition. Middle‐aged groups (41–60) also showed a decreasing acceptance, but this trend was accompanied by higher levels of neutrality, suggesting ambivalence rather than outright rejection. Older respondents (60 years and older) consistently expressed the highest level of support and demonstrated the greatest stability, with only modest declines throughout the study period. Overall, public opinion shifted from strongly positive to more neutral and critical positions, particularly regarding state assistance to refugees compared with assistance to Polish citizens. This study challenges the assumption that younger generations are systematically more pro‐immigrant, revealing a greater acceptance among older cohorts instead. By situating these findings in debates on generational value change, resource competition, and social polarisation, the study offers novel insights into how host societies respond to large‐scale humanitarian crises.\n"]