["Sociological Forum, EarlyView. ", "\nABSTRACT\nDemography is a data‐intensive social science, yet its dominant paradigms are obscured by the social forces shaping the very dynamics demographers study. In this essay, I argue that contemporary demographic phenomena—fertility decline, migration, health disparities, and environmental crises—can be better understood as expressions of alienated human purpose under capitalist social relations and as objects of biopolitical governance. Drawing on the Marxian political economy and Foucault's work on power over life, I argue for a reorientation of demographic research toward human agency and emancipation. This perspective reframes population research as a critical practice that actively fosters collective agency rather than merely documenting social patterns. It asserts that true human emancipation is achieved only when communities can exercise this agency to shape their own demographic destinies, a possibility systematically obscured by mainstream demography. I conclude by suggesting that participatory approaches, such as participatory action research, offer a promising pathway to bridge critical theory and demographic practice. This integration seeks to enhance the field's capacity to illuminate structural constraints while actively empowering communities. All in the purpose of fostering tangible social improvement and human agency, a shared commitment among many demographers.\n"]