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--- - |2+ Abstract Background To enhance social inclusion of people with intellectual disability, policy is aimed at increasing informal support networks. Nevertheless, staff continue to play a vital role in their support networks. Method Six individuals with mild intellectual disability, living in community‐based settings, were interviewed following a semi‐structured format. In‐depth accounts of participants’ support experiences were established using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results Three main themes were identified: relationships with staff placed within a personal history, relationships with staff within an organisational context, and staff support and interviewees’ place in the world. Conclusions Relationships with staff were often one of the closest and most significant social relationships participants had. As living in the community had not necessarily led to meaningful inclusion for participants, the findings point at the important role of staff in supporting and facilitating friendships and close relationships of people with intellectual disability. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Self‐determination involves autonomy, agency, choice and control. This study investigated how these aspects of self‐determination relate to engaging people with intellectual disability and complex support needs in setting goals and making plans. Method Body mapping was used to understand the planning experiences of 30 adults with intellectual disability and complex support needs. Each participant created two body maps using a guided group‐based process. Visual and text data were thematically analysed and a framework for planning engagement developed. Results The framework identifies the centrality of having a well‐developed sense of self which includes insight, motivation and agency, and which is shaped by contextual barriers and facilitators and influenced by helpful and unhelpful support. Conclusions A well‐developed sense of self and ability to harness resources and people is fundamental to the ability of individuals with intellectual disability and complex support needs articulating goals, identifying aspirations, and attaining valued outcomes. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2 Based on data from 1,366 Chinese preschoolers aged 31–77 months from 62 preschools, this study compared differences among four parent–child dyads in parent–child relationships and the associations between parent–child relationships and children's social adaptations. According to the results, the same‐sex dyad and opposite‐sex dyad patterns were tested. The results showed the same‐sex dyad and opposite‐sex dyad patterns in parent–child closeness. Mother–daughter dyads had more closeness than mother–son dyads; father–daughter dyads had more closeness than father–son dyads. The results were more supportive of the same‐sex dyad pattern in the associations between parent–child relationships and social adaptations. Mother–child closeness predicted girls' greater social skills and fewer problem behaviors; father–child conflict predicted boys' worse social skills and greater problem behaviors. - Personal Relationships, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background There is limited knowledge about how young people with intellectual disability can be facilitated in their process of deciding about parenthood. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of an upcoming trial to evaluate an intervention using the Toolkit “Children—what does it involve?” and the “Real‐Care‐Baby” (RCB) simulator among students with intellectual disability. Methods Six students with intellectual disability participated in an intervention with eight educational sessions and a 3‐day caring session with the RCB simulator. Data were collected with questionnaires and interviews. Results The study showed that it is possible to evaluate an intervention using these instruments among students with intellectual disability in order to provide them with further insights about parenthood. Conclusion It is feasible to evaluate the Toolkit and the RCB in a cluster‐randomized study and that such a study could add to our knowledge about possible intervention strategies regarding reproduction and parenting among students with intellectual disability. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background To help people with intellectual disabilities lead a more independent life, it is important to promote their self‐management. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a self‐management training for people with intellectual disabilities directed at independent functioning in daily life. Method In the training, 17 people with intellectual disabilities worked on personal self‐management goals covering a wide range of everyday affairs. Primary outcome measures focused on goal attainment, independence and support needs. Moreover, outcomes regarding psychopathological behaviour and quality of life were explored. Data were collected before and at the start of the training, and 3, 6, 9 and 12 months later. Results The training contributed to the attainment of self‐management goals and to the reduction in support needs (p < 0.01). There were no changes in independence, psychopathological behaviour and quality of life. Conclusions Results indicate that the training supports people with intellectual disabilities to self‐manage their daily affairs. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background This study investigated the psychocultural perspectives concerning family quality of life among Brazilian families with children who have severe or profound intellectual disability. Methods Individual in‐depth semi‐structured interviews conducted with 15 mothers, selected by convenience, were analysed using a categorical thematic analysis technique. The themes were examined to allow for an interpretative approach of the results. Results Mothers revealed that their children with disabilities had insufficient access to services and support related to health care, transportation and recreation. Family quality of life was negatively affected by financial restrictions and social interaction difficulties. Caring for a child with disabilities seemed to be centred on the mother and religious coping appeared as a common psychological adjustment strategy. Conclusions Improving emotional and psychological cares, as well as social and practical measures comprising income support and access to appropriate health care, were inferred to be the mothers’ priorities to improve their families’ quality of life. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background There is increasing evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can be effective for people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this review was to report the nature and frequency of adaptations reported in studies of CBT for people with intellectual disabilities. Method This review updated and extended a previous review by (Whitehouse et al. 2006, J Appl Res Intellect Disabil, 19, 55), which used a framework of adaptations developed by (Hurley et al., 1998, J Dev Phys Disabil, 10, 365). Adaptations included simplification, language, activities, developmental level, use of directive style, flexible methods, involve caregivers, transference/countertransference and disability/rehabilitation approaches. A search identified peer‐reviewed papers that reported individual CBT informed psychological interventions for people with an Intellectual Disability. Results The search identified 23 studies which met the inclusion criteria for review. Studies reported the majority of the categories of adaptation described by (Hurley et al., 1998, J Dev Phys Disabil, 10, 365). Conclusions The results suggest that the framework of adaptations needs further development to increase sensitivity in identifying and categorizing adaptations of CBT. Increased, systematic reporting of adaptations to studies of CBT with people with intellectual disabilities is recommended. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Little is known about the health needs of people with intellectual disabilities who access out‐of‐hours primary care services, raising concerns about accessibility and quality of care for this group. This study aims to identify commonly presented health problems of people with intellectual disabilities in this specific setting compared with the general population. Method Cross‐sectional study with routine data at two out‐of‐hours cooperatives with a total of 41,166 persons aged 20–65 requesting outof‐hours primary care in 2014, of which 315 persons were identified as having an intellectual disability. Results Having an intellectual disability was associated with a higher probability of presenting with epilepsy (OR 45.65) and concerns about, and adverse effects of, medical treatment (OR 23.37, and 8.41, respectively). Conclusions Given the high rates of epilepsy and medication‐related concerns of people with intellectual disabilities, this study suggests that these issues require special attention to improve the accessibility and quality of out‐of‐hours primary care. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2 The Children's Test of Nonword Repetition (CNRep) is one of the most popular tests of nonword repetition. The test is composed of nonwords of different length, and normative data suggest that children experience more difficulties in repeating long nonwords. An analysis of the distribution of phonological clusters in the test shows that noninitial clusters are unequally distributed in the test: They only appear in long nonwords (four and five syllables). For this reason, we hypothesized that the difficulties children encounter with long nonwords may be influenced by the phonological complexity of the clusters and not just by the challenge for working memory associated with length. To test the hypothesis, we compared repetition performance in long nonwords with and without a noninitial cluster in 18 children with language impairment and 18 typically developing children. The analysis shows that long nonwords with noninitial clusters are repeated less accurately by both groups. In addition, there was an interaction between cluster and age: The effect of cluster is absent in younger children and gradually increases with age. These findings suggest that phonological complexity may be having an impact on the length effect normally observed in the CNRep, and this impact may be particularly evident in older children. - Dyslexia, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background People with intellectual disability experience higher rates of mental health disorders than the rest of the population, and expert opinion holds that multiple barriers prevent people with intellectual disability from accessing appropriate services. Methods A qualitative study was designed to explore the lived experience of barriers and enablers to access to mental health services among people with intellectual disability. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with people with intellectual disability, carers and service providers. Results Barriers and enablers were identified across four key dimensions of access: utilization of services; service availability; relevance, effectiveness and access; and equity and access. These factors operated at both systemic and personal levels. Conclusions The findings from this study provide empirical evidence of anecdotal experiences of access to mental health services and provide insight into the ways users, carers and service providers navigate an often hostile system and indicate further directions for research. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Background Balance alterations are one of the main problems in people with intellectual disabilities (ID), increasing their risk of falls and impacting their life. Aims To describe a vestibular rehabilitation programme (VRP) and evaluate its effects on the ability to maintain balance and risk of suffering a fall. Methods Forty‐seven adults with mild to moderate ID were randomly assigned to two groups: a control group (CG, N = 24), which performed a general physical exercise only, and an experimental group (EG, N = 23) which also completed a VRP. The variables, used pre‐ and post‐training and 1 month after the intervention, were as follows: Center of Pressure Displacement, Berg Scale, Timed Up and Go Test, and the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance. Results The EG improved significantly in each variable. The CG did not show changes for any of the parameters. Conclusions A programme based on VRP may improve balance and reduce the risk of falling. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2 This study examines the effect of demographic variables on the beliefs of teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) about their preparedness to include dyslexic learners in mainstream classrooms in Greece, Cyprus, and Poland and identifies their professional development needs. Statistically significant multivariate analysis effects were obtained for country, training, teaching experience with dyslexic learners, and school type. Unlike overall teaching experience and completed level of education (degree), the type of teaching experience with dyslexic EFL learners (direct contact and personal involvement in teaching) seems to shape the perception of teacher preparedness to successfully include these learners. Other interesting tendencies were identified such as between‐country differences concerning sources of prior professional knowledge on EFL and dyslexia as well as preferences for particular modes of training. The paper highlights the demand for professional training on EFL and dyslexia as this was confirmed across the three countries. - Dyslexia, EarlyView.

--- - - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, Volume 31, Issue 6, Page 1-4, November 2018.

--- - |2 The analysis of spatial relations among components of a character is important in identifying visual word forms. We investigated such spatial configuration processing for Chinese characters in dyslexic children (aged 9–12 years) and two groups of typically developing children, matched according to chronological age or reading level. In this study, we used real characters and noncharacters to manipulate the spatial configuration between character components while preserving their local features. Both characters were displayed either in an upright or inverted position. Participants were asked to quickly determine whether the two presented stimuli were identical. A significant interaction between character type and character orientation showed children's matching performance was better in upright real characters than in the inverted version, but such effect was absent in noncharacters. This indicated that regardless of reading skills, children developed the ability to use local configuration information to visually identify words. Dyslexic children performed poorly in both real‐character and noncharacter conditions. Furthermore, compared with control groups, dyslexic children performed worse in real‐character conditions, which were close to the noncharacter performance of other groups. This reflected an impairment of global visual word‐form processing (i.e., spatial configuration between components) in dyslexia. - Dyslexia, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Results of discontinuation of antipsychotics in people with intellectual disability are variable and may depend on staff factors. Method We attempted to taper off antipsychotics in 14 weeks after which participants were free to restart. We investigated the influence of support professionals’ feelings towards challenging behaviour, their knowledge of psychotropic drugs and clinicians’ judgements of participants’ behavioural functioning on whether or not antipsychotics were completely discontinued after 16, 28 and 40 weeks. Results Of the 129 participants, 61% achieved discontinuation at 16 weeks; at 28 and 40 weeks, 46% and 40% were completely discontinued. Staff's feelings of Depression/Anger towards their client's behaviour, less knowledge about psychotropic medication and clinicians’ judgements of behavioural worsening were negatively associated with achievement of discontinuation. Conclusions To enhance discontinuation off‐label drug use, staff's feelings should be explored, their knowledge of psychotropic drugs improved and reasons for clinicians’ judgements of participants’ behavioural worsening investigated. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Clinicians recommend including carers or others in a supporting role in the therapy as an important adaptation of psychological therapies for people with intellectual disabilities. This nested qualitative study from a larger trial explored supporters’ experiences of supporting people with intellectual disabilities receiving behavioural activation or guided self‐help therapies for depression. Method Twenty‐one purposively sampled supporters were interviewed. The semi‐structured interviews were subject to framework analysis, covering expectations of therapy, views of therapy sessions, relationships with therapist and participant, and perceived changes. Results Supporters were positive about both therapies and reported both therapy‐specific and nonspecific therapeutic factors that had significant positive impacts on people's lives. Most supporters reported their involvement contributed to the interventions’ effectiveness, and helped establish closer relationships to the people they were supporting. Conclusions The presence of supporters within psychological therapies for people with intellectual disabilities can be an effective adaptation to therapies for this population. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2 The present study explored the direct and indirect contribution of semantic abilities to the levels of phonological and orthographic abilities in children with dyslexia. The semantic abilities of fifty‐five 9‐year‐old Dutch children diagnosed with dyslexia were associated with their phonological abilities (phonological awareness, rapid naming, and verbal working memory) and their word decoding and pseudoword decoding efficiency scores. It was found that children's semantic abilities predicted both word decoding efficiency and pseudoword decoding efficiency indirectly via phonological awareness and rapid naming. These results can be explained in terms of a lexical restructuring account of early reading development; strong semantic abilities provide children with dyslexia with a boost to strengthen their phonological skills and naming skills, which indirectly facilitate their reading development. - Dyslexia, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background School experience is an important part of the life of children with developmental disabilities (DD) and their families. Research suggests that parents of children vary in their level of satisfaction with their child's school, but methodology and results have varied and no consistent reliable measure of school satisfaction exists. This paper presents a new brief measure of school satisfaction along with preliminary information on its psychometric properties. Method Parents (n = 185) of children with moderate to severe DD completed a longer questionnaire that included the 9‐item GO4KIDDS School Satisfaction Scale. Results The GO4KIDDS School Satisfaction Scale demonstrates high internal consistency reliability (α = 0.93), good item‐total correlations, and strong correlations with a single‐item rating of school satisfaction. Conclusions Results support reliability and validity, making the proposed scale valuable for survey research investigating school satisfaction among parents of children with DD. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Due to incompatibilities in communication, it is key that family members and support staff can take the perspective of people with moderate to profound intellectual disabilities (ID) whilst putting aside their own perspectives. Method Ten vignettes describing types of restraint interventions (RIs) were presented to 20 unique pairs of support staff and family members related to individuals with moderate to profound ID. Results In taking their own perspective, more than half of the support staff and family members perceived all RIs as involuntary and severe. In contrast, when asked to put themselves in the position of the client/family member, only three RIs were considered involuntary by a majority of support staff and family members. Conclusions These results indicate that support staff and family members can take into account the perspective of people with moderate to profound ID in the evaluation and consideration of involuntary care. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 299-301, September 2018.

--- - - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 458-458, September 2018.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Research exploring nonpharmacological interventions for individuals with intellectual disability and personality disorder was reviewed. This should prove valuable to services and professionals contemplating how to offer interventions for these individuals. Method A systematic search of electronic databases was conducted. Articles were considered for inclusion according to criteria based on the PICOS model. The quality of the research was assessed utilizing the evaluative method for determining evidence‐based practice. Results Eleven studies were reviewed with quality assessment indicating that all provided weak research evidence. Consistent flaws included insufficient description of participants and lack of control groups. Conclusions The research base exploring nonpharmacological interventions for individuals with intellectual disabilities and personality disorder includes many methodological flaws but reveals some useful information regarding the characteristics of these individuals and components of interventions to support them. Further research is needed to identify the differential effectiveness of interventions over and above other confounding factors. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background People with intellectual disabilities are a high risk population for developing osteoporosis and fragility fractures, yet they experience barriers to accessing dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) screening and fracture assessment. Reasonable adjustments are a statutory requirement in the UK, but there is a paucity of evidence‐based examples to assist their identification, implementation and evaluation. Method Thirty adults with intellectual disabilities underwent DXA BMD screening and fracture risk assessment. Reasonable adjustments were identified and implemented. Results The presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis was detected in 23 out of 29 (79%) participants. Osteoporosis professionals report that 17 of 18 reasonable adjustments identified and implemented are both important and easy to implement. Conclusion Adults across all levels of intellectual disabilities can complete DXA BMD screening with reasonable adjustments. Widely implementing these reasonable adjustments would contribute to reducing inequalities in health care for adults with intellectual disabilities. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2 Abstract Bayesian methods incorporate model parameter information prior to data collection. Eliciting information from content experts is an option, but has seen little implementation in Bayesian item response theory (IRT) modeling. This study aims to use ethical reasoning content experts to elicit prior information and incorporate this information into Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation. A six‐step elicitation approach is followed, with relevant details at each stage for two IRT items parameters: difficulty and guessing. Results indicate that using content experts is the preferred approach, rather than noninformative priors, for both parameter types. The use of a noninformative prior for small samples provided dramatically different results when compared to results from content expert–elicited priors. The WAMBS (When to worry and how to Avoid the Misuse of Bayesian Statistics) checklist is used to aid in comparisons. - Journal of Educational Measurement, Volume 55, Issue 3, Page 373-402, Fall 2018.

--- - |2 Abstract This study investigates the effect of multidimensionality on extraction of latent classes in mixture Rasch models. In this study, two‐dimensional data were generated under varying conditions. The two‐dimensional data sets were analyzed with one‐ to five‐class mixture Rasch models. Results of the simulation study indicate the mixture Rasch model tended to extract more latent classes than the number of dimensions simulated, particularly when the multidimensional structure of the data was more complex. In addition, the number of extracted latent classes decreased as the dimensions were more highly correlated regardless of multidimensional structure. An analysis of the empirical multidimensional data also shows that the number of latent classes extracted by the mixture Rasch model is larger than the number of dimensions measured by the test. - Journal of Educational Measurement, Volume 55, Issue 3, Page 403-420, Fall 2018.

--- - |2 Abstract Person reliability parameters (PRPs) model temporary changes in individuals’ attribute level perceptions when responding to self‐report items (higher levels of PRPs represent less fluctuation). PRPs could be useful in measuring careless responding and traitedness. However, it is unclear how well current procedures for estimating PRPs can recover parameter estimates. This study assesses these procedures in terms of mean error (ME), average absolute difference (AAD), and reliability using simulated data with known values. Several prior distributions for PRPs were compared across a number of conditions. Overall, our results revealed little differences between using the χ or lognormal distributions as priors for estimated PRPs. Both distributions produced estimates with reasonable levels of ME; however, the AAD of the estimates was high. AAD did improve slightly as the number of items increased, suggesting that increasing the number of items would ameliorate this problem. Similarly, a larger number of items were necessary to produce reasonable levels of reliability. Based on our results, several conclusions are drawn and implications for future research are discussed. - Journal of Educational Measurement, Volume 55, Issue 3, Page 421-432, Fall 2018.

--- - |2 Abstract This research derived information functions and proposed new scalar information indices to examine the quality of multidimensional forced choice (MFC) items based on the RANK model. We also explored how GGUM‐RANK information, latent trait recovery, and reliability varied across three MFC formats: pairs (two response alternatives), triplets (three alternatives), and tetrads (four alternatives). As expected, tetrad and triplet measures provided substantially more information than pairs, and MFC items composed of statements with high discrimination parameters were most informative. The methods and findings of this study will help practitioners to construct better MFC items, make informed projections about reliability with different MFC formats, and facilitate the development of MFC triplet‐ and tetrad‐based computerized adaptive tests. - Journal of Educational Measurement, Volume 55, Issue 3, Page 357-372, Fall 2018.

--- - - Journal of Educational Measurement, Volume 55, Issue 3, Page 355-356, Fall 2018.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered a valid diagnosis for children with intellectual disability, no studies have evaluated the invariance of ADHD symptom ratings across children with and without intellectual disability. Method Parents completed ratings on the ADHD symptoms for 189 children with intellectual disability and for 474 children without intellectual disability. Differential item functioning analysis was used to determine the equivalence of the ADHD symptoms across the two groups. Results The symptoms loses things, talks too much, and blurts out answers showed significant bias against children with intellectual disability. The prevalence of ADHD in children with intellectual disability was 18% (according to the symptom criterion), and 7.4% when the academic and/or social impairment criterion was also considered. Conclusions Most of the ADHD symptoms can be valid for the assessment of ADHD in children with mild and moderate intellectual disability. ADHD symptoms may be used in further studies to establish base rates of the disorder in the intellectual disability population. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background An important mechanism that provides support and services for families with a child/youth with autism spectrum disorder is the home‐ and community‐based services (HCBS) Waiver authorized by Section 1915(c) of the Social Security Act or Medicaid. Methods This study used qualitative research methods to explore parent perspectives about the impact of HCBS Waiver services on the child/youth with autism and their family. In‐depth interviews focused on aspects of the programme they valued, identification of barriers and general issues they experienced. Results Results of the qualitative study indicated that improved outcomes could be explained by providers of services who were well‐trained, flexible and allowed parents’ opportunities for choice regarding provision of services to meet child/youth and family needs. Conclusion The findings of this study provide guideposts for further research about factors that contribute to satisfaction of families receiving waiver services for quality of life and child progress. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Advances in international studies on self‐determination point out the need for continuous efforts to deepen its understanding and implications. The aim of this study is to obtain a comprehensive pool of items to operationalize the self‐determination construct that serves as a starting point towards a valid instrument based on the reports of others. Method We conducted a Delphi study of three rounds involving three panels of experts: ten professionals, five people with intellectual disability and six relatives of people with intellectual disability. Data analysis required both qualitative and quantitative methods. Results The initial pool of 131 items was refined through the different rounds to a final set composed of 115—some were removed and new ones were added. Content‐based evidence is provided. In this study, the present authors generated a potential valid pool of items to develop a new measurement tool based on the latest advances on the self‐determination theoretical framework. Conclusions The implications for future research focus on strengthening the knowledge of self‐determination. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2 This study investigated the relations between attachment‐related individual differences and the adoption of interpersonal goals for conflict in romantic relationships. Additionally, it used the truth and bias model to examine how biased and accurate people are in judging their partner's endorsement of conflict goals, as well as how attachment‐related individual differences moderate this bias and accuracy. Ninety‐four romantic couples completed a measure of attachment‐related individual differences and self ‐ and informant reports of interpersonal conflict goals. Results revealed that individuals endorsed conflict goals consistent with their attachment orientations. Furthermore, they displayed biases when estimating their partner's goals, with some of these biases relating to attachment orientations. These results suggest that attachment‐related individual differences may partially guide conflict‐related goals and partner perceptions. - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 411-432, September 2018.

--- - |2 Utilizing dual logic from a multiple goals and relational turbulence theory, this study examined parents‐in‐law's interaction goals for topic avoidance with their children‐in‐law. Data from 159 parents‐in‐law revealed that multiple and conflicting goals were associated with parents‐in‐law's topic avoidance. Furthermore, relational parameters (i.e., relational uncertainty and partner influence) were associated with the goals in‐laws pursued. Results augment theorizing on a multiple goals perspective, relational turbulence, and topic avoidance, as well as theoretically ground the study of in‐law communication. - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 433-457, September 2018.

--- - |2 Assumed similarity is the tendency to assume that another person is similar to oneself. The present studies examined assumed similarity in intimate relationships regarding the HEXACO personality traits in Denmark (N = 93) and China (N = 236). Specifically, these studies hypothesized that people assume higher similarity with their intimate partners in Honesty‐Humility and Openness to Experience compared to the other four HEXACO traits (Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness). Results from both studies indicate that assumed similarity was higher in Honesty‐Humility compared to Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. However, assumed similarity in Openness was higher compared to Emotionality and Conscientiousness only. Supplementary analyses indicate no cultural differences between Denmark and China in assumed similarity in Honesty‐Humility and Openness. - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 316-329, September 2018.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Adaptive skills measures tend to be lengthy. The GO4KIDDS (Great Outcomes for Kids Impacted by Severe Developmental Disabilities; (Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 58, 2015 and 594)) Brief Adaptive Behaviour Scale was developed to provide a brief assessment of adaptive skills. Our study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of G04KIDDS Brief Adaptive Scale in a large sample of children in special education. Methods Teachers reported on 361 students with severe to profound intellectual disability. The scale's factor structure was examined through principal components analysis (PCA), while its convergent validity was examined in relation to the Vineland (VABS‐II; Vineland‐II adaptive behavior scales, Circle Pines, MN, AGS and 2005). Results The PCA indicated a single component measuring overall adaptive skills, which had excellent internal consistency (alpha = 0.93), and convergent validity (Pearson's r = 0.81). Conclusions Teacher‐reported scores on GO4KIDDS Brief Behaviour Scale can provide a reliable and valid composite of adaptive skills in children with severe to profound intellectual disability. The scale will be useful to researchers and teachers who need a brief descriptive assessment of adaptive functioning. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2 Research has established that social support for relationships is an important predictor of well‐being. However, the underlying assumption that social support specifically for relationships is a separate construct from general social support has not been properly tested empirically, nor has the question of whether support processes vary by source (friends vs. family). The current study (N = 1,281) used confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to address these issues. Support was found for a theoretical model in which social support specifically for relationships predicts relationship well‐being and, in turn, mental and physical health, even while controlling for general social support. Somewhat different patterns were found by source of support (family vs. friends) and by relationship type (same sex vs. mixed sex). - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 374-393, September 2018.

--- - |2 College students (n = 388) participated in a two‐part online study (a survey and an experiment) examining the role of implicit theories in the experience of loneliness. Survey results revealed that lonely people tend to endorse entity theories of social competence and friendship. Experimental results showed that inducing an incremental theory of social competence reduced communication apprehension and increased social engagement among individuals regardless of their levels of loneliness. Inducing an incremental theory of friendship increased social engagement but did not influence the level of communication apprehension or social avoidance. Overall, the results suggest that an incremental theory of social interactions can reduce thoughts that are not conducive to fostering social connections among people in general, including lonely ones. - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 394-410, September 2018.

--- - |2 Romantic partners' daily coping behavior can be viewed as a context for one's own coping. These three studies found that individuals were more likely to cope actively, seek support, or use alcohol, food, and drugs as means of coping when they perceived their partners doing so on a given occasion (Study 1, a cross‐sectional study) and when their partners reported using these strategies (Studies 2 and 3, longitudinal couples studies). These effects were evident regardless of whether or not one partner was dealing with an acute stressor (Study 2) or if both partners were dealing with day‐to‐day hassles (Study 3). Although these patterns are correlational, they raise important questions about how individuals choose to cope with acute stressors. - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 351-373, September 2018.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Carer mental health literacy and help seeking are areas that are not well researched in the intellectual disability field. This study aimed to explore the above including service utilization experiences of Australian parents with an offspring with an intellectual disability and a comorbid psychiatric disorder. Method Forty‐one parents took part in an online survey assessing satisfaction and helpfulness ratings of received services. Twenty‐six parents also completed items to assess mental health literacy and attitudinal barriers to help seeking. Results Parents showed good mental health literacy with depression and with challenging behaviour associated with autism and poorer literacy with mixed presentations. Few attitudinal barriers to help seeking were reported. Parents reported varied helpfulness and satisfaction ratings with disability and mental health services. Conclusions Parents are capable of recognizing the need to seek professional help for their offspring. Implications for service coordination, provision and carer involvement are discussed. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Parents often face many barriers when taking care of their offspring with disabilities. In childhood, support needs vary with families of children with Down syndrome often reporting less caregiving challenges. However, it is unclear whether support needs vary in adulthood. This study compared parents of adults with Down syndrome (DS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebral palsy (CP) regarding support needs of their offspring with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and their families. Method Data were collected via a national survey in the United States with 189 parents of adults with IDD. Results Across the quantitative and qualitative analyses, parents of adults with DS (versus CP and ASD) reported significantly greater recreational, natural supports, more formal services and less future planning barriers. Conclusion The results indicate that the DS advantage may persist in adulthood regarding support needs. More research is needed to understand different types of support needs. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2 An association between learning disorders and coordination problems has been reported in several studies over the last few decades. In this study, we have investigated daily motor characteristics in children with a diagnosis of specific learning disorder (SLD) and compared them with those of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and those of typically developing controls. Ninety‐six children aged 5 to 12 years were included: 29 with a diagnosis of SLD, 33 of DCD, and 34 controls. The Italian version of the Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ‐Italian) was used to measure children's coordination in everyday functional activities. The mean DCDQ‐Italian total score was significantly lower in both SLD and DCD groups as compared with controls. Regarding subscores, both clinical groups scored significantly lower than controls on “Fine motor/handwriting” skills and on “General coordination.” The DCD group scored also significantly lower than controls on “Control during movement.” Moreover, clinical groups differed from each other, with SLD children scoring significantly higher on “Control during movement” and “General coordination” subscores. SLD children diverged from typically developing children in some motor skills during ordinary activities, and although this discrepancy was not as severe as in DCD children, it could have an impact on self‐esteem and sport inclusion. - Dyslexia, EarlyView.

--- - - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, Volume 31, Issue 5, Page 1-4, September 2018.

--- - - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, Volume 31, Issue 5, Page 948-948, September 2018.

--- - |2 No abstract is available for this article. - Dyslexia, Volume 24, Issue 3, Page 205-206, August 2018.

--- - |2 Transgender people provide a unique opportunity to examine the effect of biological sex versus gender identity on mating preferences. This study aimed at identifying the mate characteristics that are most and least valued by transgender people and at examining to what extent their biological sex or their gender identity determined their mate preferences. A convenience sample of 134 male‐to‐female (MTF) and 94 female‐to‐male (FTM) individuals from Argentina rated Buss's list of 18 mate attributes. Compared to FTM, MTF individuals placed significantly more emphasis on attractiveness and socioeconomic status, whereas FTM, more than MTF individuals, valued partners with a dependable character. Although biological sex differences were present in both groups, providing support to the evolutionary theory, MTF individuals valued the same characteristics as both biological male and female individuals do. - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 330-350, September 2018.

--- - |2 This study examines the links among rejection sensitivity (RS), communication about complaints, and relational satisfaction in intimate relationships. A total of 260 individuals completed an online survey through Amazon Mechanical Turk. RS was positively associated with complaint avoidance and negatively associated with positive politeness and negative politeness when voicing complaints. Furthermore, RS had indirect associations with relational satisfaction, partially mediated through complaint avoidance and positive politeness. The results of this study suggest that communicating complaints openly to one's partner, in concert with positive politeness (i.e., affirming the partner while voicing complaints), may help serve as a buffer against relational dissatisfaction associated with RS. - Personal Relationships, Volume 25, Issue 3, Page 302-315, September 2018.

--- - |2 We examined the double‐deficit hypothesis in Arabic by investigating the reading and cognitive profiles of readers with selective deficits in naming speed, phonological awareness, or both. In a nationally representative sample of 486 children in the third and fourth grades, we identified 171 children with reading difficulties: 20 (12%) were classified as having a phonological deficit, 31 (18%) as having a naming speed deficit, and 41 (24%) as having a double deficit. Differences between the subgroups extended to reading, cognitive, and linguistic processes beyond phonological and naming abilities. Children with a double deficit performed worse than those with a naming speed deficit but similar to those with a phonological deficit. Numerous unconfirmed theories led to an in‐depth analysis of the nature of rapid automatized naming and its relation to orthographic processing. Surprisingly, our findings revealed that orthographic processing may be considered a novel and separate core deficit, suggesting a triple deficit in Arabic rather than a double deficit. The findings are discussed in light of the uniqueness and complexity of Arabic orthography and orthographic transparency in the Arabic language. - Dyslexia, Volume 24, Issue 3, Page 234-249, August 2018.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background Research suggests that having relevant contextual information can help increase the accuracy of emotion recognition in typically developing (TD) individuals and adults with an intellectual disability. The impact of context on the emotion recognition of children with intellectual disability is unknown. Method Emotion recognition tasks, which varied in terms of contextual information, were completed by 102 children (45 with and 57 without intellectual disability). Results There was a significant effect of age and group, with older and TD children performing better on average. There were significant group by condition interactions, whereby children with intellectual disability were more accurate at identifying emotions depicted by line drawings compared with photos with contextual information that was not directly related to the emotion being depicted. The opposite was found for TD children. Conclusions These results have implications for socio‐emotional interventions, such as universal school programmes. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.

--- - |2 Given that an estimated 5–10% of the worldwide population is said to have dyslexia, it is of great importance that teachers have an accurate understanding of what dyslexia is and how it effects their students. Using results from a large‐scale survey of teachers in England and in Wales (N ≈ 2,600), this paper demonstrates that teachers held a basic understanding of dyslexia, based on the behavioural issues that it is associated with. Teachers lacked the knowledge of the biological (i.e., neurological) and cognitive (i.e., processing) aspects of dyslexia. Moreover, a number of teachers mentioned visual factors in their description of dyslexia, despite there being inconclusive evidence to suggest a direct relationship between visual functioning and dyslexia. Further findings demonstrate the importance of good‐quality teacher training in increasing teachers' confidence working with those with dyslexia, while increasing their knowledge of the cognitive aspects of dyslexia. This paper argues that evidence‐based teacher training, which informs teachers of the up‐to‐date research on the biological, cognitive, and behavioural aspects of dyslexia, is essential to combat misconceptions and ensure that teachers have more nuanced and informed understandings of dyslexia. - Dyslexia, Volume 24, Issue 3, Page 207-219, August 2018.

--- - |2+ Abstract Background People with intellectual developmental disorders have significant health disparities and a lack of proper attention to their health needs. They have been underrepresented in scientific research, and very few studies have been carried out using a representative randomized sample. The aim of this study was to describe the methods used in the POMONA‐ESP project to recruit a representative and randomized sample of participants with intellectual developmental disorders. Methods The POMONA‐ESP project is an observational cross‐sectional study. It aims to explore the health status of people with intellectual developmental disorders across Spain and the use they make of health services. Results and conclusions The results of the POMONA‐ESP project may have a major impact on people with intellectual developmental disorders and society in general. It is the first study to obtain geographically representative epidemiological data from a large sample, information that is fundamental to improving care and healthcare planning for people with intellectual developmental disorders. - Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, EarlyView.