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["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nWe examined the minimum extent of dependency of UK patient organisations on pharmaceutical industry funding using drug company disclosure reports and patient organisation financial accounts from 2012 to 2016. We used linear regression to explain the overall share of industry funding (‘general dependency’) and top donor funding (‘company‐specific dependency’) in organisations’ income. Predictors included patient organisations’ goal; having members and volunteers; geographical scope of activity; headquarter location; expenditure/income ratio; and disease area. The prevalent low levels of general dependency (IQR, 0.1%–6.0%) and company‐specific dependency (IQR, 0.1%–4.3%) made a widespread capture of patient organisations unlikely, though only if one excludes the possibility of significant payment under‐reporting. However, organisations with considerably higher dependency than others might be more prone to co‐optation by industry. Of the 398 organisations, 18 (4.5%) and 8 (2.0%) had general and company‐specific financial dependency over 50%, respectively. However, the shares of outliers exceeding the third quartile plus 1.5 times IQR were 51 (12.8%) and 56 (14.1%) for each dependency type. Certain characteristics including activity profile (advocacy) or indicating limited access to resources (remote location) made organisations vulnerable to developing financial dependency. Future research should examine both financial and non‐financial links between the two sides and their impact on patient organisations’ activity.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nOver the past decade, U.K. universities have increasingly sought to involve publics in research as active participants in the construction of academic knowledge. Sociologists of health have largely welcomed this enthusiasm for engaged and participatory ways of working, including methodologies long in use in the field such as patient‐led research and co‐creation. Despite the strong interest in engaged research, however, we argue that funding patterns, bureaucratic structures and an overreliance on people employed on casual contracts make it extremely difficult, often impossible, to do engaged research in British universities. Drawing on our own experiences, we show how our attempts to practise and deepen accountability to variously situated publics were constrained by the way our institution imagined and materially supported engagement. We argue that it falls to individual researchers to mitigate or work around structural barriers to engagement, and that this process creates dilemmas of complicity. If engaged research is to fulfil its remit for inclusion and its radical potential, researchers need to think carefully about how the U.K. engagement agenda entwines with processes of casualisation, acceleration and projectification, and how institutional recuperations of engagement can undermine its political and epistemic objectives.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nRacially and ethnically minoritised healthcare staff groups disproportionately experience and witness workplace discrimination from patients, colleagues and managers. This is visible in their under‐representation at senior levels and over‐representation in disciplinary proceedings and is associated with adversities such as greater depression, anxiety, somatic symptoms, low job satisfaction and sickness absence. In the UK, little progress has been made despite the implementation of measures to tackle racialised inequities in the health services. So, what is it about the health service organisational context which shapes and maintains such inequities, and what role does discrimination, bullying and harassment play? Drawing on qualitative interviews with 48 healthcare staff in London (UK), we identify how micro‐level bullying, prejudice, discrimination and harassment behaviours, independently and in combination, exploit and maintain meso‐level racialised hierarchies. Within teams, the high diversity–low inclusion dynamic shaped and was perpetuated by in‐ and outgroup inclusion and exclusion processes (including “insidious dismissal”) often employing bullying or microaggressions. These were linked to intersecting factors, such as race, ethnicity, migration, language and religion, and could increase segregation. For racially and ethnically minoritised groups, ingroup maintenance, moving teams or leaving were also ways of coping with organisational inequities. We discuss implications for tackling racialised workplace inequities.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nOnline review and rating sites, where patients can leave feedback on their experience of the health‐care encounter, are becoming an increasing feature of primary care in the NHS. Previous research has analysed how digital surveillance is re‐shaping the clinical gaze, as health‐care professionals are subject to increased public monitoring. Here, we draw on an empirical study of 41 GP practice staff to show how the gaze is turning, not simply from the patient to the health‐care provider, but additionally to the body politic of the NHS. Drawing on focus group and interview data conducted in five UK practices, we show how discourses of online reviews and ratings are producing new professional subjectivities among health‐care professionals and the extent to which the gaze extends not only to individual health‐care interactions but to the health‐care service writ large. We identify three counter‐discourses characterising the evolving ways in which online reviews and ratings are creating new subjects in primary care practices: victimhood, prosumption versus traditional values and taking control. We show how the ways in which staff speak about online feedback are patterned by the social environment in which they work and the constraints of the NHS they encounter on a day‐to‐day basis.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nBy drawing on a narrative analysis of 11 autobiographical illness memoirs, this article investigates the complexities of what it means to live with prostate cancer over a period of time. Acknowledging how cancer disrupts everyday life, we focus on the day‐to‐day experiences and struggles that take place inside and outside the hospital. By building on illustrative quotes from the memoirs, we discuss different facets of cancer as a lived experience. Our findings show that men reconstruct their identity in the memoirs in response to the disruptive nature of cancer by including various identities from previous times. They describe a relationship with their cancer that is fluid and fitful and often depends on place, time and circumstances. We also found that the ‘not knowing’ of prostate cancer creates uncertainty, which can take different forms, transcends time and is shaped through medical technologies, continual testing and disagreeing doctors. Prostate cancer is often seen as easily treatable, but our findings call for a different way of looking at its impact. We argue that memoirs, written by men themselves, make it palpable what it means to live with cancer. As such, illness memoirs offer a way to advance our sociological understanding of cancer‐as‐a‐lived experience.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThe idea of ‘precision medicine’, which has gained increasing traction since the early 2000s, is now ubiquitous in health and medicine. Though varied in its implementation across fields, precision medicine has raised hopes of revolutionary treatments and has spurred the proliferation of novel therapeutics, the alteration of professional trajectories and various reconfigurations of health/care. Nowhere is the promise of precision medicine more apparent, nor further institutionalised, than in the field of oncology. While the transformative potential of precision medicine is widely taken for granted, there remains scant attention to how it is being experienced at the coalface of care. Here, drawing on the perspectives of 54 cancer care professionals gleaned through eight focus group discussions in two hospitals in Australia, we explore clinicians’ experiences of the day‐to‐day dynamics of precision‐in‐practice. We illustrate some of the affective and temporal complexities, analysed here under the rubrics of enchantment, acceleration and distraction that are emerging alongside the uptake of precision medicine in the field of oncology. We argue that these complexities, and their dis/continuities with earlier iterations of cancer care, demonstrate the need for sociological analyses of precision medicine as it is being implemented in practice and its varied effects on ‘routine’ care.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThis article offers an overview of an Indigenous‐led participatory research project, The Future We Dream, co‐developed by rural land defenders in Central America and the Caribbean. To engage in recent dialectics concerning complicity and decolonising methodologies, we centre Indigenous Maya conceptions of health, wellbeing and what ‘living well’ means to community members. For context, The Future We Dream responds to the 2015 landmark ruling made by the Caribbean Court of Justice affirming the land rights of the Maya people of Southern Belize. Amidst tensions with the state that followed the ruling, an autonomous movement composed of grassroots organisers turned their attention towards imagining and constructing a self‐determined future. In turn, the communities initiated a research exercise inspired by desire‐based methodologies (Tuck, 2009) to articulate a collective vision of a healthful Maya future outside of colonial‐liberal worldviews, and notably, formulating Maya visions of healthful, sustainable worlds. In reporting on this one example of grassroots, anticolonial health research that departs from the hierarchal knowledge production practices of liberal academia, this paper details the collaborative process/project; the complexities/complicities of research involving Indigenous communities; and how Indigenous epistemologies are generative vis‐a‐vis unsettling conventional knowledge production practices in the contentious field of global health research.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nBreastmilk is a transmission source of HIV. Therefore, mothers living with HIV are able to avoid exposing their infants to HIV‐contaminated breastmilk if they replacement feed them. This article draws on an ethnographic study of an acute National Health Service HIV specialist antenatal clinic in London and explores the ontological multiple HIVs that the practice of replacement feeding takes part in enacting within the fluid space of the HIV diaspora. The term articulates the circumstances of racialised people affected by HIV who are originally from countries where access to life sustaining medication, care and resources—that enable a decoupling of the illness from death—are not readily accessible, and who have (temporarily) relocated themselves to geographical places where these resources are on offer. Arguing that Black African and Caribbean migrant women's ability to benefit from the technologies and care that have turned HIV into a chronic illness in England is delimited by race and their diasporic positionality. In so doing, the article contributes to Sociology by showing how race is part of practice–ethnographic research and medical care even when it is seemingly absent.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nWomen in the English National Health Service facing pre‐viability second trimester pregnancy loss through foetal death, premature labour or termination of pregnancy for foetal anomaly find themselves in a particular trajectory of care. This usually involves the requirement to labour and birth the foetal body and may involve undergoing feticide in cases of termination. Drawing on ethnographic research investigating women's experiences of second trimester pregnancy loss, I argue that the determining factor affecting care trajectories for the pregnant body is the biomedically diagnosed status of the foetal body. Foetal size, non‐viability and the potential for live birth during terminations all structure the healthcare options for the woman facing pregnancy loss in the second trimester. As such, the diagnostic classification of the foetal body in the context of gestational time determines the medical care afforded to the pregnant body. This results in specific consequences for women, whose experiences of, and choices around, second trimester pregnancy loss are constrained by diagnostic and classificatory decisions around the status of the foetal being before legal viability.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nHomeopathy, along with many other alternative therapies, has come under severe attack from apologists for orthodox medicine. Given the cultural authority of medicine, what then provides the impetus for people to take up homeopathy as a clinical practice? This article addresses this question in the context of homeopathic practice in New Zealand. Five focus groups were conducted with 22 homeopaths in five cities. The study found that it was common to be drawn to homeopathy through witnessing in themselves, their family, friends or animals, the positive effects of homeopathy, commonly after negligible success from conventional medicine. For many participants, all of whom were women, the opportunity to study homeopathy occurred when they were the primary carers of children, with homeopathy providing a possibility for a change in work trajectories. Many participants had previous occupations inside the conventional health system. Central to the appeal of homeopathy as a subaltern practice in New Zealand is the often dramatic impact of witnessing the effects of the therapeutic modality, which is conceptualised as analogous to an ‘event’ that tears at the fabric of the everyday.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nWith the most recent developments to the European General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR) introduced in May 2018, the resulting legislation meant a new set of considerations for study approvers and health‐care researchers. Compared with previous legislation in the UK (The Data Protection Act, 1998), it introduced more extensive and directive principles, requiring anybody ‘processing’ personal data to specifically define how this data will be obtained, stored, used and destroyed. Importantly, it also emphasised the principle of accountability, which meant that data controllers and processors could no longer just state that they planned to adhere to lawful data protection principles, they also had to demonstrate compliance. New questions and concerns around accountability now appear to have increased levels of scrutiny in all areas of information governance (IG), especially with regards to processing confidential patient information. This article explores our experiences of gaining required ethical and regulatory approvals for an ethnographic study in a UK health‐care setting, the implications that the common law duty of confidentiality had for this research, and the ways in which IG challenges were overcome. The purpose of this article was to equip researchers embarking on similar projects to be able to navigate the potentially problematic and complex journey to approval.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nUsing a critical reflexive process (An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, 1992; Theory, Culture & Society, 13, 1996, 17), this article identifies and examines issues of power, complicity and knowledge production as they emerged in the first author's master's research on migrant women farmers' economic and reproductive health experiences in the middle belt of Ghana. We examine the ambivalent positionality of the international graduate student researcher as “other of the other” (Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30, 2005, 2017, p. 2025), and how diverse fields of power, including the researcher's educational institution and cultural norms regarding gender relations, mediated interactions among various actors in the research process. Specifically, we examine how the student researcher was complicit in reinforcing patriarchal standards, perpetuating western saviourism and committing symbolic violence. Situating these reflexive findings in relation to insights from feminist postcolonial theories, we highlight how power relations, gender and social class informed these ambivalent complicities. Rather than erase/silence these tensions in the research process, we argue that such ambivalences may be an inevitable dimension of transnational knowledge creation, and thus, it is imperative that researchers consider how their ambivalent positionalities and complicities may be navigated and leveraged most productively and with the least harm to research participants.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nGenomic medicine has captured the imaginations of policymakers and medical scientists keen to harness its health and economic potentials. In 2012, the UK government launched the 100,000 Genomes Project to sequence the genomes of British National Health Service (NHS) patients, laying the ground for mainstreaming genomic medicine in the NHS and developing the UK’s genomics industry. However, the recent research and reports from national bodies monitoring genomic medicine's roll‐out suggest both ethical and practical challenges for health‐care professionals. Against this backdrop, this paper, drawing on qualitative research interviews with general practitioners (GPs) and documentary analysis of policy, explores GPs’ views on mainstreaming genomic medicine in the NHS and implications for their practice. Analysing the NHS’s genomic medicine agenda as a ‘sociotechnical imaginary’, we demonstrate that whilst sociotechnical imaginaries are construed as collectively shared understandings of the future, official visions of genomic medicine diverge from those at the forefront of health‐care service delivery. Whilst policy discourse evokes hope and transformation of health care, some GPs see technology in formation, an unattainable ‘utopia’, with no relevance to their everyday clinical practice. Finding space for genomics requires bridging the gap between ‘work as imagined’ at the policy level and ‘work as done’ in health‐care delivery.\n"]

["Acta Physiologica, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\n\nAim\nDual Specificity Phosphatase 3 (DUSP3) regulates the innate immune response, with a putative role in angiogenesis. Modulating inflammation and perfusion contributes to renal conditioning against ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R). We postulate that the functional loss of DUSP3 is associated with kidney resistance to I/R.\n\n\nMethods\nTen C57BL/6 male WT and Dusp3−/− mice underwent right nephrectomy and left renal I/R (30 min/48 hours). Renal injury was assessed based on serum levels of urea (BUN) and Jablonski score. The expression of CD31 and VEGF vascular markers was quantified by RT‐qPCR and immuno‐staining. Renal resistivity index (RRI) was measured in vivo by Doppler ultrasound. Comparative phosphoproteomics was conducted using IMAC enrichment of phosphopeptides. Inflammatory markers were quantified at both mRNA and protein levels in ischaemic vs non‐ischaemic kidneys in WT vs Dusp3−/−.\n\n\nResults\nAt baseline, we located DUSP3 in renal glomeruli and endothelial cells. CD31‐positive vascular network was significantly larger in Dusp3−/− kidneys compared to WT, with a lower RRI in Dusp3−/− mice. Following I/R, BUN and Jablonski score were significantly lower in Dusp3−/− vs WT mice. Phosphoproteomics highlighted a down‐regulation of inflammatory pathways and up‐regulation of phospho‐sites involved in cell metabolism and VEGF‐related angiogenesis in Dusp3−/− vs WT ischaemic kidneys. Dusp3−/− ischaemic kidneys showed decreased mRNA levels of CD11b, TNF‐α, KIM‐1, IL‐6, IL‐1β and caspase‐3 compared to controls. The numbers of PCNA‐, F4‐80‐ and CD11b‐positive cells were reduced in Dusp3−/− vs WT kidneys post‐I/R.\n\n\nConclusion\nGenetic inactivation of Dusp3 is associated with kidney conditioning against I/R, possibly due to attenuated inflammation and improved perfusion.\n\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nWhen parents migrate, they often leave children behind with relatives. Despite being at higher risk of socio‐emotional problems, many left‐behind children have good health and social outcomes, suggesting their resilience. We sought to understand how adolescents with internal and international migrant parents build resilience in Thailand. We conducted qualitative interviews with 24 adolescents aged 10–19, and six caregivers, parents and community leaders. Interviews were transcribed, translated and analysed, drawing on techniques from grounded theory. We found that resilience was built in a context where for many families, migration was a financial necessity and the parent–child relationship was mainly phone‐based. Adolescents built resilience using three key ‘resources’: warmth (love and understanding), financial support and guidance. Adolescents with insecure parent or caregiver relationships, or with caring responsibilities for relatives, were less likely to have access to these resources. These adolescents sought emotional and financial independence, prioritised friendships and identified role models to obtain key resources and build resilience. The findings indicate practical and psychosocial barriers to building resilience among left‐behind adolescents in Thailand. Further work could explore pathways to mental illness in this population, interventions that build peer networks and caregiver–child relationships and the use of technology to support remote parenting.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThis article examines the relationships between biomedicine, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and parents’ vaccination decision‐making in Switzerland. Our empirical evidence sheds light on an understudied phenomenon—parents switching from one doctor to another provider (often one offering CAM services) around issues that arise during vaccination consultations. This is important to understand since CAM is used by 25%–50% of the Swiss population and is integrated into the Swiss health‐care system when offered by biomedically trained medical doctors with additional CAM training. Qualitative data gathered from in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with parents (N = 30) and ethnographic observations of vaccination consultations (N = 16 biomedical consultations, N = 18 CAM consultations) demonstrate how there was not always a clear‐cut, direct relationship between (non)vaccination and parents’ use of CAM and/or biomedicine. Borrowing from Hirschman (Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states, Harvard Univ. Press, 1970), we frame our analysis by using the concepts of exit, voice and loyalty to describe parents’ provider selection and vaccination decision‐making process, although only four families in the sample described switching solely because of vaccination‐related issues. Findings add to vaccine decision‐making literature by describing and analysing the underdiscussed provider‐switching phenomenon and by demonstrating the importance of parents’ experiences of trust, affect and choice in vaccination consultations as they pursue the best health outcomes for their children.\n"]

["Acta Physiologica, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\n\nAims\nIt is unknown how β‐adrenergic stimulation affects calcium dynamics in individual RyR2 clusters and leads to the induction of spontaneous calcium waves. To address this, we analysed spontaneous calcium release events in green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged RyR2 clusters.\n\n\nMethods\nCardiomyocytes from mice with GFP‐tagged RyR2 or human right atrial tissue were subjected to immunofluorescent labelling or confocal calcium imaging.\n\n\nResults\nSpontaneous calcium release from single RyR2 clusters induced 91.4% ± 2.0% of all calcium sparks while 8.0% ± 1.6% were caused by release from two neighbouring clusters. Sparks with two RyR2 clusters had 40% bigger amplitude, were 26% wider, and lasted 35% longer at half maximum. Consequently, the spark mass was larger in two‐ than one‐cluster sparks with a median and interquartile range for the cumulative distribution of 15.7 ± 20.1 vs 7.6 ± 5.7 a.u. (P < .01). β2‐adrenergic stimulation increased RyR2 phosphorylation at s2809 and s2815, tripled the fraction of two‐ and three‐cluster sparks, and significantly increased the spark mass. Interestingly, the amplitude and mass of the calcium released from a RyR2 cluster were proportional to the SR calcium load, but the firing rate was not. The spark mass was also higher in 33 patients with atrial fibrillation than in 36 without (22.9 ± 23.4 a.u. vs 10.7 ± 10.9; P = .015).\n\n\nConclusions\nMost sparks are caused by activation of a single RyR2 cluster at baseline while β‐adrenergic stimulation doubles the mass and the number of clusters per spark. This mimics the shift in the cumulative spark mass distribution observed in myocytes from patients with atrial fibrillation.\n\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nIntegrated care is an aim and a method for organising health and care services, particularly for older people and those with chronic conditions. Policy expects that integrated care programmes will provide person‐centred coordinated care which will improve patient or client experience, enable population health, prevent hospital admissions and thereby reduce costs. However, empirical evaluations of integrated care interventions have shown disappointing results. We analysed an in‐depth case study using Strong Structuration Theory to ask: how and why have efforts to integrate health and social care failed to produce desired outcomes? In our case, integrated case management and the creation of cost‐saving plans were dominant practices. People working in health and social care recursively produced a structure of integrated care: a recognised set of resources created by collective activities. Integrated care, intended to help patients manage their long‐term conditions and avoid hospital admission, was only a small part of the complex network that sustained patients at home. The structures of integrated care were unable to compensate for changes in patients’ health. The result was that patients’ experiences remained largely unaffected and hospital admissions were not easily avoided.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nProgress in reducing health inequalities through public policy action is difficult in nations identified as liberal welfare states. In Canada, as elsewhere, researchers and advocates provide governing authorities with empirical findings on the sources of health inequalities and document the lived experiences of those encountering these adverse health outcomes with the hope of provoking public policy action. However, critical analysis of the societal structures and processes that make improving the sources of health inequalities difficult—the quality and distribution of living and working conditions, that is the social determinants of health—identifies limitations in these approaches. Within this latter critical tradition, we consider—using household food insecurity in Canada as an illustration—how polemics and anger mobilization, usually absent in health inequalities research and advocacy—could force Canadian governing authorities to reduce health inequalities through public policy action. We explore the potential of using high valence terms such as structural violence, social death and social murder, which make explicit the adverse outcomes of health‐threatening public policy to force government action. We conclude by outlining the potential benefits and threats posed by polemics and anger mobilization as means of promoting health equity.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nAmidst public health campaigns urging people to sit less as well as being more physically active, this paper investigates how older adults make sense of their sedentary behaviour. Using an accounts framework focusing on how people rationalise their sitting practices, we analysed data from 44 qualitative interviews with older adults. All interviewees had received information about sedentary behaviour and health, visual feedback on their own objectively measured sitting over a week and guidance on sitting less. Participants used accounts to position sitting as a moral practice, distinguishing between ‘good’ (active/‘busy’) and ‘bad’ (passive/‘not busy’) sitting. This allowed them to align themselves with acceptable (worthwhile) forms of sitting and distance themselves from other people whose sitting they viewed as less worthwhile. However, some participants also described needing to sit more as they got older. The findings suggest that some public health messaging may lead to stigmatisation around sitting. Future sedentary behaviour guidelines and public health campaigns should consider more relatable guidelines that consider the lived realities of ageing, and the individual and social factors that shape them. They should advocate finding a balance between sitting and moving that is appropriate for each person.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nDiagnosis is pivotal to medicine's epistemic system: it serves to explain individual symptoms, classify them into recognizable conditions and determine their prognosis and treatment. Medical tests, or investigative procedures for detecting and monitoring disease, play a central role in diagnosis. While testing promises diagnostic certainty or a definitive risk assessment, it often produces uncertainties and new questions which call for yet further tests. In short, testing, regardless of its specific application, is imbued with meaning and emotionally fraught. In this article, we explore individuals' ambivalent experiences of testing as they search for diagnostic certainty, and the anxieties and frustrations of those for whom it remains elusive. Combining insights from sociological work on ambivalence and the biopolitics of health, and drawing on qualitative interviews with Australian healthcare recipients who have undergone testing in the context of clinical practice, we argue that these experiences are explicable in light of the contradictory impulses and tensions associated with what we term ‘bio‐subjectification’. We consider the implications of our analysis in light of the development of new tests that produce ever finer delineations between healthy and diseased populations, concluding that their use will likely multiply uncertainties and heighten rather than lessen anxieties.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nClinical guidelines, as vehicles for evidence‐based practice (EBP) attempt to standardize health‐care practice, reduce variation and increase quality. However, their use for surgery has been contested, and often resisted. This article examines professional responses to EBP in hip replacement surgery using data from case study observations and interviews in three English orthopaedic departments. A professional identity perspective is adopted to explain how standardization through EBP, represents an empirical phenomenon around which surgeons enact their identities as Paragons, Mavericks or Innovators, to enhance legitimacy and stratify themselves in their response to EBP. Attention is drawn to variation between Paragon surgeons working in university (teaching) hospitals and Maverick and Innovator types located in general hospitals, and the ways this interacts with adoption of EBP. The typology shows how practice variation is related to surgeons' tendencies to align to characteristic types, with distinct social processes, power and prestige, and which are in turn influenced by organizational context. The dynamics of EBP and professional identity continues to limit attempts to standardize surgical practice. The typology contributes to the understanding of failures to follow EBP, as associated with the identities individuals create and negotiate, and with identity narratives used to legitimize differing responses to EBP.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThis paper examines the impact of disruptions to the organisation and delivery of healthcare services and efforts to re‐order care through emotion management during the COVID‐19 pandemic in the UK. Framing care as an affective practice, studying healthcare workers' (HCWs) experiences enables better understanding of how interactions between staff, patients and families changed as a result of the pandemic. Using a rapid qualitative research methodology, we conducted interviews with frontline HCWs in two London hospitals during the peak of the first wave of the pandemic and sourced public accounts of HCWs' experiences of the pandemic from social media (YouTube and Twitter). We conducted framework analysis to identify key factors disrupting caring interactions. Fear of infection and the barriers of physical distancing acted to separate staff from patients and families, requiring new affective practices to repair connections. Witnessing suffering was distressing for staff, and providing a ‘good death’ for patients and communicating care to families was harder. In addition to caring for patients and families, HCWs cared for each other. Infection control measures were important for limiting the spread of COVID‐19 but disrupted connections that were integral to care, generating new work to re‐order interactions.\n"]

["Acta Physiologica, Volume 233, Issue 3, November 2021. ", "\nAbstract\n\nAim\nSubcellular fractionation is often used to determine the subcellular localization of proteins, including whether a protein translocates to the nucleus in response to a given stimulus. Examining nuclear proteins in skeletal muscle is difficult because myonuclear proteins are challenging to isolate unless harsh treatments are used. This study aimed to determine the most effective method for isolating and preserving proteins in their native state in skeletal muscle.\n\n\nMethods\nWe compared the ability of detergents, commercially available kit‐based and K+‐based physiological methodologies for isolating myonuclear proteins from resting samples of human muscle by determining the presence of marker proteins for each fraction by western blot analyses.\n\n\nResults\nWe found that following the initial pelleting of nuclei, treatment with 1% Triton‐X 100, 1% CHAPS or 0.5% Na‐deoxycholate under various ionic conditions resulted in the nuclear proteins being either resistant to isolation or the proteins present behaving aberrantly. The nuclear proteins in brain tissue were also resistant to 1% Triton‐X 100 isolation. Here, we demonstrate aberrant behaviour and erroneous localization of proteins using the kit‐based method. The aberrant behaviour was the activation of Ca2+‐dependent protease calpain‐3, and the erroneous localization was the presence of calpain‐3 and troponin I in the nuclear fraction.\n\n\nConclusion\nOur findings indicate that it may not be possible to reliably determine the translocation of proteins between subcellular locations and the nucleus using subcellular fractionation techniques. This study highlights the importance of validating subcellular fractionation methodologies using several subcellular‐specific markers and solutions that are physiologically relevant to the intracellular milieu.\n\n"]

["Acta Physiologica, Volume 233, Issue 3, November 2021. ", "\nAbstract\nChemically skinned fibres allow the study of human muscle contractile function in vitro. A particularly important parameter is specific force (SF), that is, maximal isometric force divided by cross‐sectional area, representing contractile quality. Although SF varies substantially between studies, the magnitude and cause of this variability remains puzzling. Here, we aimed to summarize and explore the cause of variability in SF between studies. A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases in June 2020, yielding 137 data sets from 61 publications which studied healthy, young adults. Five‐fold differences in mean SF data were observed. Adjustments to the reported data for key methodological differences allowed between‐study comparisons to be made. However, adjustment for fibre shape, swelling and sarcomere length failed to significantly reduce SF variance (I2 = 96%). Interestingly, grouping papers based on shared authorship did reveal consistency within research groups. In addition, lower SF was found to be associated with higher phosphocreatine concentrations in the fibre activating solution and with Triton X‐100 being used as a skinning agent. Although the analysis showed variance across the literature, the ratio of SF in single fibres containing myosin heavy chain isoforms IIA or I was found to be consistent across research groups. In conclusion, whilst the skinned fibre technique is reliable for studying in vitro force generation of single fibres, the composition of the solution used to activate fibres, which differs between research groups, is likely to heavily influence SF values.\n"]

["Acta Physiologica, Volume 233, Issue 3, November 2021. ", "\nAbstract\n\nAim\nThis study investigates the role of calcineurin for angiotensin II (AngII)‐induced vascular remodelling with the help of a mouse model lacking the catalytic beta subunit of calcineurin (PPP3CB KO).\n\n\nMethods\nWildtype (WT) and PPP3CB KO mice were treated for 4 weeks with AngII followed by assessment of blood pressure, histological evaluation of aortas and mRNA analysis of aortic genes PPP3CB‐dependently regulated by AngII. Primary murine vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were used for qPCR, ELISA and Western Blot experiments as well as wound healing and cell proliferation assays.\n\n\nResults\nUpon AngII treatment, PPP3CB KO mice showed less aortic media thickening, lumen dilation and systolic blood pressure compared to WT mice. Next‐generation sequencing data of aortic tissue indicated an increase in extracellular matrix components (EMCs), cell migration and cell proliferation. A PPP3CB‐dependent increase in EMC was confirmed by qPCR in aorta and VSMCs. PPP3CB‐dependent stimulation of VSMC migration could be verified by wound healing assays but markers of enhanced cell proliferation were only detectable in aortic tissue of WT mice but not in isolated WT or KO VSMCs. We could demonstrate in VSMCs with pharmacological inhibitors that PPP3CB leads to enhanced heparin‐binding EGF‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF) secretion, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation and consecutive stimulation of transforming growth factor β(TGFβ) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) signalling that enhances collagen expression.\n\n\nConclusion\nAngII‐induced vascular remodelling involves PPP3CB, which leads to enhanced EMC production, VSMC migration and sustained increase in systolic blood pressure via HBEGF/EGFR‐TGFβ‐CTGF signalling.\n\n"]

["Acta Physiologica, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\n\nAim\nSlc26a9 is a member of the Slc26 multifunctional anion transporter family. Polymorphisms in Slc26a9 are associated with an increased incidence of meconium ileus and diabetes in cystic fibrosis patients. We investigated the expression of Slc26a9 in the murine pancreatic ducts, islets and parenchyma, and elucidated its role in pancreatic ductal electrolyte and fluid secretion and endocrine function.\n\n\nMethods\nPancreatic Slc26a9 and CFTR mRNA expression, fluid and bicarbonate secretion were assessed in slc26a9−/− mice and their age‐ and sex‐matched wild‐type (wt) littermates. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed.\n\n\nResults\nCompared with stomach, the mRNA expression of Slc26a9 was low in pancreatic parenchyma, 20‐fold higher in microdissected pancreatic ducts than parenchyma, and very low in islets. CFTR mRNA was ~10 fold higher than Slc26a9 mRNA expression in each pancreatic cell type. Significantly reduced pancreatic fluid secretory rates and impaired glucose tolerance were observed in female slc26a9−/− mice, whereas alterations in male mice did not reach statistical significance. No significant difference was observed in peripheral insulin resistance in slc26a9−/− compared to sex‐ and aged‐matched wt controls. In contrast, isolated slc26a9−/− islets in short term culture displayed no difference in insulin content, but a significantly reduced glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion compared to age‐ and sex‐matched wt islets, suggesting that the impaired glucose tolerance in the absence of Slc26a9 expression these is a pancreatic defect.\n\n\nConclusions\nDeletion of Slc26a9 is associated with a reduction in pancreatic fluid secretion and impaired glucose tolerance in female mice. The results underline the importance of Slc26a9 in pancreatic physiology.\n\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nDespite numerous studies on social relationships and health, the empirical focus has often been on middle‐aged or older adults, even though young adulthood is a period of considerable change in social networks. We investigated whether the associations between social relationships and allostatic load, a multisystem physiological dysregulation index that reflects chronic stress responses, vary by type of relationship and stages of the lifecourse. Relationships with spouse/partner, immediate family and friends were assessed in terms of emotional support and social strain. Poisson regression models on multiple imputed data sets from waves 2–3 (2010–2012) of the UK Household Longitudinal Study (N = 10,380) were estimated. Social strain, particularly from partners and immediate family, appeared to elicit greater stress related dysregulation during early adulthood (age 21–34 years), corresponding to a predicted difference in the allostatic load index (range 0–12) between high and low strained relationships of 1.1 (95% CI: 0.5–1.6) among young women and 0.6 (95% CI: −0.04 to 1.2) among young men. There was little evidence of an association between allostatic load and any of the social relationships among older men and women. Models of social relationships over the lifecourse need to take account of how stressful social relationships become biologically embedded in early adulthood.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThis article analyses patient advocacy for ovarian cancer patients' access to a group of new targeted cancer treatments, so‐called poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Ovarian cancer is often detected in its advanced stages and has relatively poor survival rates. Based on ethnographic fieldwork with the Gynae Cancer Group, a Swedish patients' group, this article examines ovarian cancer patient advocates' engagement with biomedicine as a rarely considered topic in the social sciences. Adopting a modified version of the science and technology studies perspective on evidence‐based activism, I analyse how ovarian cancer patient advocates engage in the ‘epistemic activities’ of framing, producing and mobilising ‘credentialed’ and ‘experiential’ knowledge. I show how patient advocates, alone and together with professionals and the media, engage in epistemic activities to ‘act upon’ ovarian cancer patients' anticipated limited time and poor prognosis: patient advocates mobilise around PARP inhibitors as offering hope, access to these drugs as an urgent matter and ovarian cancer care as unequal. The article contributes to the sociological literature on novel cancer treatments and patient advocacy through its ethnographic tracing of cancer advocacy tropes and knowledge practices, centred on the temporal figure of ‘the patient running out of time’.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThe question of how people make sense of experiences in relation to health is central to medical sociology and lies at the heart of suicide helpline practice. This article draws on a corpus of 900 audio‐recorded suicide helpline calls to examine how call‐takers respond to the challenge of reframing callers' suicidal ideation while still treating their experiences as legitimate. Conversation analysis of a subselection of calls revealed two call‐taker practices, involving the framing of the caller's suicidal ideation as (1) being ambivalent or (2) having legitimate feelings in a difficult situation. While callers resisted the former, ‘feeling formulations’ laid the interactional foundations for exploring alternatives to suicide. This may be because call‐takers' empathy increased their rights to subtly negotiate callers' experiences. By focusing on recipients' contributions in these critical interactional moments, the article widens the sociological approach to examining sense‐making of health experiences as a thoroughly social process.\n"]

["Acta Physiologica, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\n\nAim\nArteriogenesis constitutes the most efficient endogenous rescue mechanism in cases of cerebral ischaemia. The aim of this work was to investigate whether angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) stimulates, and angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockers (ARB) inhibits cerebral collateral growth by applying a three‐vessel occlusion (3‐VO) model in rat.\n\n\nMethods\nCerebral collateral growth was measured post 3‐VO (1) by assessing blood flow using the cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVRC) technique, and (2) by assessing vessel diameters in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) via the evaluation of latex angiographies. A stimulatory effect on arteriogenesis was investigated for ACEi administration ± bradykinin receptor 1 (B1R) and 2 (B2R) blockers, and an inhibitory effect was analysed for ARB administration. Results were validated by immunohistochemical analysis and mechanistic data were collected by human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) viability or scratch assay and monocyte (THP‐1) migration assay.\n\n\nResults\nAn inhibitory effect of ARB on arteriogenesis could not be demonstrated. However, collateral growth measurements demonstrated a significantly increased CVRC and PCA diameters in the ACEi group. ACEi stimulates cell viability and migration, which could be partially reduced by additional administration of bradykinin receptor 1 inhibitor (B1Ri).\nACEi inhibits the degradation of pro‐arteriogenic bradykinin derivatives, but combined ACEi + B1Ri + B1Ri (BRB) treatment did not reverse the stimulatory effect. Yet, co‐administration of ACEi + BRB enhances arteriogenesis and cell migration.\n\n\nConclusion\nWe demonstrate a potent stimulatory effect of ACEi on cerebral arteriogenesis in rats, presumable via B1R. However, results imply a pleiotropic and compensatory effect of ACEi on bradykinin receptor‐stimulated arteriogenesis.\n\n"]

["Acta Physiologica, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThe molecular link between SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and susceptibility is not well understood. Nonetheless, a bi‐directional relationship between SARS‐CoV‐2 and diabetes has been proposed. The angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is considered as the primary protein facilitating SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2 attachment and entry into the host cells. Studies suggested that ACE2 is expressed in the endocrine cells of the pancreas including beta cells, in addition to the lungs and other organs; however, its expression in the islets, particularly beta cells, has been met with some contradiction. Importantly, ACE2 plays a crucial role in glucose homoeostasis and insulin secretion by regulating beta cell physiology. Given the ability of SARS‐CoV‐2 to infect human pluripotent stem cell‐derived pancreatic cells in vitro and the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 in pancreatic samples from COVID‐19 patients strongly hints that SARS‐CoV‐2 can invade the pancreas and directly cause pancreatic injury and diabetes. However, more studies are required to dissect the underpinning molecular mechanisms triggered in SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected islets that lead to aggravation of diabetes. Regardless, it is important to understand the function of ACE2 in the pancreatic islets to design relevant therapeutic interventions in combatting the effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 on diabetes pathophysiology. Herein, we detail the function of ACE2 in pancreatic beta cells crucial for regulating insulin sensitivity, secretion, and glucose metabolism. Also, we discuss the potential role played by ACE2 in aiding SARS‐COV‐2 entry into the pancreas and the possibility of ACE2 cooperation with alternative entry factors as well as how that may be linked to diabetes pathogenesis.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nIn this article we explore the recent enactment of evidence‐based medicine (EBM) in the field of fertility care. We aim to contribute to the medical sociology literature through an analysis of how evidence is produced, interpreted and institutionalised in a relatively new medical field such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), characterised by high uncertainty due to limited knowledge and high levels of commercialisation. Drawing on extensive ethnographic research conducted in England, this article explores the challenges IVF professionals encounter in producing credible data on the effectiveness of additional treatments, offering novel insights on the tensions between commercialisation and standardisation in the enactment of EBM. Extant medical sociology and Science and Technology Studies literature has shown the hidden professional work required to enact randomised control trials in practice. Our analysis shows that this hidden work is not enough when there is a broader lack of standardisation in both clinical and research practices, as producing ‘good quality’ evidence requires high levels of standardisation of knowledge production.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nIn this article, we address the problem of participation and the dominant focus on motivations in clinical research. We explore participation as a relational mode of ‘being in time’ in Alzheimer's dementia prevention—a field profoundly shaped by changing bodies through time, as well as promissory trends towards future‐oriented preventative medicine. Analysis of interviews with older adults in a clinical trial platform demonstrates that what research ‘does’ or might (not) ‘do’ for participants emerges as temporalities of participants’ everyday lives become entangled with the possibilities, constraints and demands of biomedical ‘research time’. As well as consistent desires to help (future) others, we identify incidental possibilities for care that emerged from continued research participation. We argue that longitudinal research participation can productively be understood as a set of evolving affordances: whereby differing limits and possibilities for care and agency emerge in a world where dementia cannot be cured. Future trial participation is considered in terms of ‘therapeutic affordances’, which are likely to fluctuate as certain lived or imagined futures unfold. As such, we open up a conceptual space to think about why, how, and critically, when participation happens, as it emerges in relation to lived times of ageing and everyday life.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThis article features data drawn from interviews with doctors working in the Finnish occupational health‐care system. These are used to explore the value of an Eliasian approach towards interpreting and assessing the moral meanings and social dynamics of relationships between health practitioners and their patients. We attend to spiralling ‘formalizing’ and ‘informalizing’ processes and how these are operating to reconfigure doctor–patient relationships. We document some of the ways in which Finnish doctors are adapting to these processes. While data drawn from a British context suggest both doctor and patients are inclined to adopt positions of mutual distrust and hostility, by contrast we note that in this Finnish setting more concerted attempts are being made to renegotiate social roles, cultural meanings and individual responsibilities. We propose that this can be taken as an instance where informalization is accompanied by revitalized currents of formalization and new syntheses of moral codes and conduct.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nSince the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic, scholars and popular media outlets have been speculating on the pandemic's effects on sexual relationships. While research differs as to whether COVID‐19 is associated with sexual behaviour changes, none has focused on how sexual risk‐taking during the pandemic is perceived and accomplished. Drawing on semi‐structured interview data collected from 30 sexual minority men in the US, this study explores how men make sense of and manage risk during sexual activity taking place outside the bounds of lockdown. Four themes arose from these interviews: (a) the commonality of sexual activity despite COVID‐19 risk; (b) sexual motivations rooted in emotions such as desire, longing for connection, and the wish to live fully in the face of the pandemic; (c) varied perceptions regarding the possibility of preventing COVID‐19 infection; and (d) risk assessment and management strategies that were similar to those used for HIV prevention. Assuming or calling for abstinence neglects questions of risk navigation and omits the experiences of large swaths of the population. Addressing these issues might minimize COVID‐19 transmission associated with sexual risk‐taking among sexual minority men.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nIn this paper, we propose a conceptual framework for understanding the impact of the policy responses to COVID‐19 on disabled people. These responses have overwhelmingly focused on individual vulnerability, which has been used as a justification for removing or restricting rights. This suggests the need to shift the attention towards the social determinants of disabled people's vulnerability. We do this by bringing literature on social vulnerability in disaster risk management or ‘disaster studies’ in contact with key concepts in disability studies such as the social model of disability, independent living, intersectionality, and biopower. Empirically, we draw on the findings of the global COVID‐19 Disability Rights Monitor (www.covid‐drm.org), as well as on reports from academic journals, civil society publications, and internet blogs. We put the proposed conceptual framework to work by developing a critical analysis of COVID‐19 policies in three interrelated areas—institutional treatment and confinement of disabled people, intersectional harms, and access to health care. Our conclusion links this analysis with strategies to address disabled people's social vulnerability in post‐pandemic reconstruction efforts. We make a case for policies that address the social, economic, and environmental conditions that disproportionately expose disabled people to natural disasters and hazards.\n"]

["Acta Physiologica, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\n\nAim\nWith diabetes comes a significant risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Circulating aldosterone levels increase in patients with diabetes. Aldosterone can directly affect vascular function via activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). We hypothesized that aldosterone via endothelial MR impairs endothelial function in a murine model of experimental diabetes.\n\n\nMethod\nEndothelial cell‐specific mineralocorticoid receptor knockout MRflox/flox;Tie2‐Cre mice (ECMR‐KO) and wild‐type FVB littermates were subjected to an experimental type‐1 diabetic model by low dose streptozotocin injections (55mg/kg/day) for five consecutive days. After 10 weeks of diabetes, second‐order mesenteric resistance arteries were perfused ex vivo to evaluate vessel contractility and endothelial function. The effect of ex vivo incubation with aldosterone with and without the antagonist, spironolactone was determined.\n\n\nResults\nDiabetic ECMR‐KO and wild‐type mice had similar, elevated, plasma aldosterone concentration while only diabetic wild‐type mice displayed elevated urine albumin excretion and cardiac and kidney hypertrophy at 10 weeks. There were no differences in contraction (Emax and EC50) to thromboxane receptor agonist (U46619) and elevated K+ between groups. Wild‐type diabetic mice showed impaired acetylcholine (ACh)‐dependent relaxation, while diabetic ECMR‐KO mice had intact ACh‐mediated relaxation. Aldosterone incubation ex vivo impaired ACh mediated relaxation and rendered responses similar to diabetic WT arteries. Direct, ex vivo aldosterone effects were absent in ECMR‐KO animals. Ex vivo inhibitory effects of aldosterone on endothelial relaxation in arteries from WT were abolished by spironolactone.\n\n\nConclusion\nThese findings show that endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor activation accounts for diabetes‐induced systemic endothelial dysfunction in experimental diabetes and may explain the cardiovascular protection by MR antagonists in diabetes.\n\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThis study investigates recovery and care continuity experiences of people with serious mental illness negotiating transforming services in the wake of recovery‐based policy implementation. Data were collected in two phases involving (n = 16) service users who had transited from secondary to primary care and (n = 16) supporting workers. A qualitative methodology employed semi‐structured interviews and thematic discourse analysis generating three themes. First, participants’ expectations were misaligned with transforming services. Second, participants constructed competing versions of recovery in their talk. Third, analysis revealed care discontinuities concentrated at the primary care level. A singular notion of top‐down recovery, a proliferation of bottom‐up, competing recovery versions, and misaligned expectations of transforming services are closely allied with escalating service system complexity and fragmentation. This has detrimental implications for care continuity. Top‐down, policy‐based recovery implementation is viewed as a neoliberalist colonization of the recovery concept, understood in the Habermasian sense of colonization of the lifeworld. The detrimental effects of recovery colonization should not lead to repudiation of the concept altogether. Rather, the original radical idea of recovery should be reclaimed as a central concept within mental health care. This can be achieved by a conciliatory policy approach seeking to balance top‐down and bottom‐up forces of recovery appropriation.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nIn the United States, Black gay and bisexual men account for a quarter of HIV infections and face intersecting social and structural stigmas along the axes of race, sexuality and class. For those diagnosed with HIV, these inequities shape their lived experiences which include HIV disclosure. Public health has privileged HIV status disclosure as the appropriate moral and responsible choice to protect sex partners, reduce stigma and obtain social support. Though little is known about the emotional aspects of HIV disclosure for Black gay and bisexual men, or how they are shaped by social and structural contexts. Using the frameworks of healthism and emotion work, I explore HIV disclosure among a sample of 30 Black gay and bisexual men living with HIV in the Deep South. Drawing on in‐depth, qualitative interviews, I identify the emotion work that men engaged in to manage their own emotions and protect the emotions of others before, during and after disclosure or nondisclosure. These findings challenge public health research that has explored disclosure as discrete measurable events by illustrating how HIV disclosure is embedded in ongoing social and structural relations and provide insights that can guide new approaches focused on structural inequities that constitute HIV disclosure.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThe global COVID‐19 pandemic poses new challenges for communities built around certain sexual practices, and some of which have responded by using their previous experiences of HIV. In this article, we undertake an online ethnography of a popular Anglo‐American barebackers' forum to understand how HIV and COVID‐19 converge and how these men negotiate COVID‐19 risk by adapting previous sexual and disease prevention strategies. Barebackers, aka gay men who eroticise condomless anal intercourse, provide a relevant group to consider given their longstanding negotiation of HIV. We explore processes of responsibility, risk management and pleasure during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We suggest that their experiences of both the AIDS crisis and the current context of HIV frame their decisions around COVID‐19. We focus on how responsibility and desire shape discussions of bathhouses and the survival of barebackers' sexual practices during and after COVID‐19.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nIn this article, we explore lay men's understanding of the relationship between other's bodily appearance and health—‘the Lay Gaze’. We applied the theoretical concepts of biopower, medical gaze, bodyism and healthism—the ideology where one feature is that a slim body is equivalent to a healthy body—and interviewed 18 adult and elderly men in rural Norway, representing a heterogeneous group regarding age, ethnicity and education. To explore the interviewees’ subjective perception or ‘gaze’, the interviewees were presented with eight pictures of different people. Our main findings were, first, that the sample of a relatively heterogeneous group of adult and elderly lay men in rural Norway talk similarly about body appearance and health and follow the healthism discourse with an embedded association between body appearance and health assessment. Second, we found some variation regarding how interviewees define other standards for the elderly and black people.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, EarlyView. ", "\nAbstract\nThe child protection system can be a highly consequential institution for mothers who are sex workers, yet scant attention has been paid to the health consequences of its policies on this population. Drawing on 31 in‐depth, semi‐structured interviews with 19 Indigenous and 12 non‐Indigenous sex workers in Vancouver, Canada, and using the stress process model and the concept of slow violence, this study proposes a typology of four trajectories through which child removal by this system shaped sex workers' health. Results suggest that child removal has health consequences beyond the conventionally thought of mechanism of mental distress and related health sequelae, to additionally alter women's social conditions, which also carried risks for health. Notably, while trajectories of Indigenous and non‐Indigenous sex workers were similar, Indigenous participants, whose families are disproportionately impacted by long‐standing colonial policies of child removal, were more severely jeopardized. Findings highlight how child removal can enact violence in the form of reverberating harms to sex workers' health, further reinforcing their marginalized statuses. This study calls for greater attention to how the child protection system (CPS) may influence the health of marginalized mothers, including how health inequities may be both causes and consequences of interventions by this system.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, Volume 43, Issue 7, Page 1682-1699, August 2021. ", "\nAbstract\nThis article explores how professionals in older persons care work on a triage system in the daily care setting. We follow how triage is introduced in older persons care organizations in The Netherlands, to deal with a scarcity of physicians and distribute care among health workers in the region. We offer a sociological analysis in which we use the notion of infrastructure and infrastructural work to study how professionals work with triage in the daily care setting. This study is based on a formative evaluation in which we as researchers both studied and contributed to the construction of the triage system by sharing and participating in reflexive infrastructural work practices. We show how this method enabled to gradually adjust the triage system to the daily practices of care delivery, taking the spatial‐temporal setting of care into account. We argue that triage not only structures and simplifies but also opens up new ways of re‐placing medical and care work, both professionally and geographically. As our results reveal, re‐placing physicians has complex effects above and beyond the efficient deployment of medical staff. Triage as infrastructure not only changes the location, but also reconfigures the relationships physicians have with residents and nurse aids.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, Volume 43, Issue 7, Page 1700-1719, August 2021. ", "\nAbstract\nProfessional accounts of emotional distress originate from within mainstream mental illness discourses and are underpinned by largely conjectural biomedical, brain‐based conceptions of disorder. Alternative, formulation‐based approaches remain delimited by cultural norms and linguistic resources. Service users frequently declare the most ordinary aspects of therapy the most helpful: listening, understanding, and respectfulness; these are not contingent upon the presence of a mental health professional. This paper describes ameliorations in states of emotional distress amongst volunteer trainee mechanics in a bicycle workshop, which has little overtly to do with mental health. Possible explanations for these ameliorations, or ‘recoveries’, are presented. In an enabling setting that offers the social and material resources conducive to particular ways of being, an applied actor‐network approach is introduced as a practical way to disentangle the concomitant complexities of bicycles and everyday life. This approach to analysing states of distress—introduced here as ‘actor‐network therapy’—combines notions of enactment and enhandedness in the appreciation of ‘engrenage’ – the intriguing intricacy of locally generated, provisional realities.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, Volume 43, Issue 7, Page 1643-1659, August 2021. ", "\nAbstract\nChina's 2009 health care reform agenda has been referred to as one of the most ambitious health policy programmes in modern history. Significant investment has combined with new structures, incentives, and regulations that have aimed to improve access, as well as gain greater control over a health care market much criticised for putting profit before patients. A range of health services research has been undertaken to analyse these efforts. Sociological perspectives have also been documented yet up to now a review and synthesis combining these various contributions has not been undertaken. By drawing on the lens of McDonaldization, the paper presents a narrative review that analyses the extent to which China's 2009 reform agenda has increased efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control over service provision. The review identifies elements of McDonaldization within China's 2009 reform agenda, however, notable gaps remain. In response to the limits of McDonaldization as a lens for understanding China's health care reform, the paper calls for alternative perspectives that are better able to understand the sociocultural dynamics shaping service provision, as well as an interdisciplinary research agenda that is able to generate new insights and understanding regarding health care in China.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, Volume 43, Issue 7, Page 1660-1681, August 2021. ", "\nAbstract\nEvidence is accumulating of the negative impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic and related public health measures on mental health. In this emergent field, there has been little research into the role of risk perception on depressive symptoms and the contribution of health‐care resources to model risk perception and mental health. The aim of this paper is to describe the relationship between individual‐level perception of risk and depression, controlling for a set of confounders and for country‐level heterogeneity. A cross‐sectional and observational online survey was conducted using a non‐probability snowball sampling technique. We use data on 11,340 respondents, living in six European countries (Italy, Sweden, United Kingdom, France, Poland, Czech Republic) who completed survey questionnaires during the first months of the pandemic. We used a fixed‐effect approach, which included individual and macro‐level variables. The findings suggest that a high proportion of people suffering from depression and heightened risk perception is positively associated with reporting depressive symptoms, even if this relationship varies significantly between countries. Moreover, the association is moderated by contextual factors including health‐care expenditure as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product, hospital beds for acute care, and number of medical specialists per head of population. Investment in health care offers a concrete means of protecting the mental health of a population living under pandemic restrictions.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, Volume 43, Issue 7, Page 1627-1642, August 2021. ", "\nAbstract\nNon‐rare thrombophilia (NRT) are hereditary predispositions to thromboembolism, the most severe side effect of combined hormonal contraception. In the mid‐1990s, the identification of NRT stirred up a controversy over the possibility of investigating these genetic variants in women wishing to use contraception. Through a review of literature, this article reconstructs the debate over whether and how this genetic test should be prescribed as a way to reconfigure the risk visibility on pharmacological contraception. The main arguments identified concern the epidemiological, social, economic and clinical aspects of the test. In a context where the overall thrombotic risk for hormonal contraception is largely invisible, the genetic tests turn to embody the thrombotic risk itself. Those who opt for selective screening argue that a better estimation of risk implies a test prescription embed in a global medical assessment of women's individual risk. To advocates of universal or ‘extended’ screening, the tests are valuable tools to inform women on the thrombotic risk and, as such, appraised as a moral/legal obligation, whatever their predictive power. Risk visibility thus appears as an insightful concept to analyse a complex setting associating clinical, political, social and cultural considerations that touches upon medical power, women's responsibility and drug safety.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, Volume 43, Issue 7, Page 1598-1613, August 2021. ", "\nAbstract\nIn the past few years, self‐tracking technologies have been celebrated for the possibilities they offer to ‘optimize’ fitness and wellbeing, yet also criticized for being rigid and isolating. In this article, we identify complex tracking arrangements that consist of a variety of data and multiple modalities of tracking emplaced within arrangements of actors and objects (digital/analog tracking devices and data output). We inquire into how these arrangements afford care. Based on our ethnographic research of gym culture in Denmark, we find that individuals make the technologies ‘work’ for them in ways that shield them from bodily or emotional distress. Fitness practitioners combine digital tracking technologies with analog methods and enrol other human actors in recording, interpreting, questioning and tinkering with their data; in other words, they perform data work in ways that mend or prevent ruptures and brokenness and thus afford ‘care’. We highlight the role of the personal trainer, who often complements or salvages the outputs of digital technologies. We argue that tracking has the capacity to afford care and wellness when it is emplaced within socialities and when actors are able to exercise their capacities and knowledge in ways that mitigate the data outputs.\n"]

["Sociology of Health & Illness, Volume 43, Issue 7, Page 1614-1626, August 2021. ", "\nAbstract\nThis article explores the emergence and development of Death Certificates as a means of establishing the cause of death for individuals and populations. The difficulty in choosing which disease caused death when several are described on the Certificate explains why the number of COVID‐19‐related deaths has been difficult to determine. This problem also draws attention to the dominant biomedical explanation for the cause of death that both promote and circumscribe what can be recognised as a valid cause.\n"]